Muhammad XII of Granada
| Muhammad XII | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan | |||||
 Portrait by anonymous, 17th century, private collection | |||||
| Sultan of Granada 1st reign | |||||
| Reign | 1482–1483 | ||||
| Predecessor | Abu l-Hasan Ali | ||||
| Successor | Abu l-Hasan Ali | ||||
| 2nd reign | |||||
| Reign | 1487 – 2 January 1492 | ||||
| Predecessor | Muhammad XIII | ||||
| Successor | Position abolished | ||||
| Born | c. 1460[1][2] Alhambra, Granada | ||||
| Died | 1533 (aged 72–73)[3][a] Fes, Kingdom of Fez[3] | ||||
| Consort | Morayma | ||||
| Issue | Ahmed Aixa (Sor Isabel de Granada) Yusef | ||||
| |||||
| House | Nasrid dynasty | ||||
| Father | Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada | ||||
| Mother | Aixa | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
Abu Abdallah Muhammad XII (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر, romanized: Abū ʿAbdi-llāh Muḥammad ath-thānī ʿashar; c. 1460–1533), known in Europe as Boabdil,[b] was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Iberia.
Sultan
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Muhammad XII was the son of Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of the Emirate of Granada whom he succeeded in 1482,[4] as a result of both court intrigue and unrest amongst the population at large.[5]
Muhammad XII soon sought to gain prestige by invading Castile, but was taken prisoner at Lucena in 1483.[4] Muhammad's father was then restored as ruler of Granada, to be replaced in 1485 by his uncle Muhammad XIII, also known as Abdullah ez Zagal.
Muhammad obtained his freedom and Christian support to recover his throne in 1487, by consenting to hold Granada as a tributary kingdom under the Catholic monarchs.[4] He further undertook not to intervene in the Siege of Málaga, in which Málaga was taken by the Christians.
Following the fall of Málaga and Baza in 1487, Almuñécar, Salobreña and Almería were taken by the Christians the following year. By the beginning of 1491, Granada was the only Muslim-governed city in Iberia.
Surrender of Granada
[edit]In 1491, Muhammad XII was summoned by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon to surrender the city of Granada, which was besieged by the Castilians. Eventually, on 2 January 1492, Granada was surrendered.[4] The royal procession moved from Santa Fe to a place a little more than a mile from Granada, where Ferdinand took up his position by the banks of the Genil. A private letter written by an eyewitness to the Bishop of León only six days after the event recorded the scene:[citation needed]
The Moorish sultan, with about eighty or a hundred on horseback and very well dressed, went forth to kiss the hand of their Highnesses. According to the final capitulation the key to Granada will pass into Spanish hands without Muhammad XII having to kiss the hands of Los Reyes, as the Spanish royal couple Isabella and Fernando became known. The indomitable mother of Muhammad XII insisted on sparing her son this final humiliation of kissing the hand of Isabella.
Christopher Columbus seems to have been present; he refers to the surrender:[6]
After your Highnesses ended the war of the Moors who reigned in Europe, and finished the war of the great city of Granada, where this present year 1492 on the 2nd January I saw the royal banners of Your Highnesses planted by force of arms on the towers of the Alhambra.
Exile
[edit]
Legend has it that as Muhammad XII went into exile, he reached a rocky prominence which gave a last view of the city. Here he reined in his horse and viewed for the last time the Alhambra and the green valley that spread below. The place where this allegedly took place is today known as the Suspiro del Moro, "the Moor's sigh". Muhammad mourned his loss, and continued his journey to exile accompanied by his mother—who is supposed to have snapped, "Cry like a woman over what you couldn't defend like a man."[7]
Muhammad XII was given an estate in Laujar de Andarax, Las Alpujarras, a mountainous area between the Sierra Nevada and the Mediterranean Sea. He crossed the Mediterranean in exile, departing in October 1493 from Adra and landing in Cazaza.[8][9] He settled in Fes, accompanied by an entourage of 1,130 courtiers and servants. Large numbers of the Muslim population of Granada had already fled to North Africa, taking advantage of a clause in the articles of surrender that permitted free passage.[5]
Letter to the Marinid Sultan
[edit]Shortly after his surrender, Muhammad XII sent a long letter to the Marinid rulers in present-day pMorocco, asking for refuge. The letter begins with a long poem praising the Marinids, followed by a prose passage where he laments his defeat and asks forgiveness for past wrongdoings of his forefathers against the Marinids. The entire text was reported by al-Maqqari:[10]
...The lord of Castile has proposed for us a respectable residence and has given us assurances of safety to which he pledged by his own handwriting, enough to convince the souls. But we, as descendants of Banu al-Ahmar, didn't settle for this and our faith in God does not permit us to reside under the protection of disbelief. We also received from the east many letters full of goodwill, inviting us to come to their lands and offering the best of advantages. But we cannot choose other than our home and the home of our forefathers, we can only accept the protection of our relatives, not because of opportunism but to confirm the brotherhood relationship between us and to fulfill the testament of our forefathers, that tells us not to seek any help other than that of the Marinids and not to let anything obstruct us from going to you. So we traversed the vast lands and sailed the tumultuous sea and we hope that we would not be returned and that our eyes will be satisfied and our hurt and grievous souls will be healed from this great pain... — Muhamad Abu Abdallah[10]
North African exile and death
[edit]The 17th-century historian Al-Maqqari wrote that Muhammad XII crossed the Mediterranean to Melilla then went to Fes where he built a palace. He stayed there until his death in 1518 or 1533.[11][3] He is said to have been buried in a small domed tomb near a musalla (place of prayer), located outside of Bab Mahrouk in Fes.[3] Muhammad XII was survived by two sons; Yusef and Ahmed.[3] Al-Maqqari met with his descendants in 1618 in Fes; they lived in a state of poverty and relied on the Zakat.[3]
An alternative final resting place for Muhammad XII was suggested in 1876 by Charles Brosselard[12] in an article he published in the Journal asiatique. It was explained that in 1857, during public works carried out by the French to expand a road near the Sidi Brahim El Masmoudi mosque, they discovered a marble stone with some old inscriptions used as the threshold of a house. The military corps took it, but they couldn't understand the meaning. It was then taken to the Sidi Bel Hacene museum, where Charles Brosselard tried to decipher the writing. With the help of Hammu ben Soultan, the Mufti of Tlemcen, they could understand most of the writing. However, some lines and words were missing due to the poor quality of the Alabaster used and the complex Andalusi script. Brosselard believed that it was the gravestone of Muhammad XII because it was used as a threshold of a house, as an insult, considering the reason that the ruler who lost Al-Andalus, or that he was buried in The royal cemetery of Zayyanid near the Sidi Ibrahim Mosque, next to which is the house in which the gravestone was found. But, at the Exposition Universelle (1878), a responsible person of the Algerian pavilion asked Brosselard to send the gravestone to the exposition, which he took the opportunity to study it and published in 1881 an article, in which he showed that the grave was most probably of his uncle, Muhammad XIII of Granada, and it was mixed between both because they shared the same family name. In 1975, Abdel Hamid ben Shanho published a research in which he tried to finish the missing words and came to the same conclusion, agreeing that it is the gravestone of his uncle Muhammad XIII known by the Christians as El Zagal[13].
Spanish chronicler Luis del Mármol Carvajal wrote "Muhammad XII died near the Oued el Assouad (Black River) at ford told Waqûba during the war between the Marinids and the Saadians",[14] placing his death in 1536.[11] This source is also taken by Louis de Chénier, a diplomat of King Louis XVI of France, in his Historical research on the Moors and History of the Empire of Morocco published in Paris in 1787.[14]
Muhammad XII in popular culture
[edit]
- He is a main character in John Dryden's The Conquest of Granada, a heroic drama in two parts, 1672.
- He is mentioned often by Washington Irving in Tales of the Alhambra (1832), particularly in the chapter "Mementos of Boabdil."
- He was the subject of the three-act opera Boabdil, der letzte Maurenkönig, Op. 49, written in 1892 by the Jewish-German-Polish composer Moritz Moszkowski.
- Spanish composer Gaspar Cassadó wrote the Lamento de Boabdil for cello and piano, in memory of the king.
- Spanish composer Antón García Abril wrote the 'Elegía a la pérdida de la Alhambra' from his song cycle Canciones del Jardin Secreto for voice and piano; it is set to text (in Andalusian Arabic) that is attributed to Boabdil, in which he laments the loss of the Alhambra.
- Abu Abdallah appears as the main character in "De Ongelukkige" published in 1915 by Dutch author Louis Couperus. This novel covers the last decade of Abu Abdallah's reign as ruler of the Emirate of Granada.
- In the 1931 anthology If It Had Happened Otherwise, the alternate history scenario "If the Moors in Spain Had Won" by Philip Guedalla has the premise of Boabdil winning the war against the Spanish, and his kingdom persisting into the 20th century.
- He figures in the video game Assassin's Creed II: Discovery for the iOS and Nintendo DS, as an ally of the Assassins.
- He is portrayed by Khalid Abdalla in the film Assassin's Creed (2016).
- Andalusian singer-songwriter and poet Carlos Cano dedicated a song to Muhammad XII in his album Crónicas Granadinas, entitled Caída del Rey Chico.
- Salman Rushdie's book, The Moor's Last Sigh, also features consistent references to Muhammad XII.
- He appears as a character in Leo Africanus by Amin Maalouf.
- Louis Aragon's book Le Fou d'Elsa renders a dramatized and poetic version of the story of Granada's capture, which includes Muhammad XII as one of the two main characters present in the novel, (Majnun being the other. Elsa, whom it could be argued is the second major character, is absent from the book.).
- Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) produced a drama in 1980, based on the novel "Shaheen" by Nasim Hijazi. In this drama Abu Abdullah Mohammad XII was played by Shakeel Ahmed.
- Also in 1980 (22 November until 7 February 1981), he appeared in the comics supplement to the Portuguese newspaper A Capital in a 12-page comics story on the conquest of Granada with Boabdil as the main character, Luz do Oriente ("Light of the Orient"). The script was by popular literature writer and bookman Jorge Magalhães and the drawing was by Portuguese-Guinean sculptor, painter and comic book artist Augusto Trigo.[15]
- Boabdil appeared as main character in the Spanish eight-episode serial Requiem por Granada (1991). In this serial, he was played by Manuel Bandera. Young Boabdil was played by Lucas Martín.
- Boabdil appeared as a main character in season two of the Spanish TV Series Isabel (2013). In this show, he was played by Álex Martínez.
- He appeared as a main character in the novel Court of Lions (2017) by Jane Johnson.
- He appears as a character in G. Willow Wilson’s novel, The Bird King (2019), which is set during 1491 and the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition. The protagonist Fatima is his concubine.
- Nathaniel Mackey's poem "Sigh of the Moor" in Splay Anthem is built around the motif of Boabdil’s abdication.
- Keith Bradbury's novel "Let the Dead Hold Your Hand" features the story of Boabdil and the search to find his final resting place.
- He appears in The Queen’s Vow, a novel of Isabella of Castile by C.W. Gortner.
- He appears in the E.T.A Hoffmann short story "Das Sanctus" (or "The Sanctus") as the antagonist.
See also
[edit]- Battle of Lucena, the capture of Muhammad XII of Granada
- Al Andalus
- Alhambra Decree
- Reconquista
- Treaty of Granada
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Morrow, John Andrew (2020). Shi‘ism in the Maghrib and al-Andalus, Volume One: History. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-5275-6284-4.
- ^ Civantos, Christina (2017). The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives. State University of New York Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4384-6671-2.
- ^ a b c d e f "نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" p. 1317. احمد المقري المغربي المالكي الاشعري
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
- ^ a b Drayson, Elizabeth (30 April 2017). The Moor's Last Stand How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End (First ed.). Northampton, MA. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-56656-004-7. OCLC 969827670.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Olson, Julius E.; Bourne, Edward Gaylord; John Boyd Thacher Collection (Library of Congress) DLC (1906). The Northmen, Columbus, and Cabot, 985–1503. The Library of Congress. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 89.
- ^ "el Suspiro del Moro". Archived from the original on 23 December 2005.
- ^ Gozalbes Cravioto, Enrique (2008). "Notas sobre Cazaza, puerto de Fez y fortaleza española (1506–1533)". Al-Andalus Magreb: Estudios árabes e islámicos (15): 136. ISSN 1133-8571.
- ^ Bravo, Antonio (2004). "Melilla en la política africana de los Reyes Católicos" (PDF). El Gran Capitán y la Historia de los Reyes Católicos. Exposición El Gran Capitán y la España de los Reyes Católicos. ISBN 84-607-9984-0.
- ^ a b "نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" p. 1325. احمد المقري المغربي المالكي الاشعري
- ^ a b Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-226-31962-8.
- ^ Drayson, Elizabeth (30 April 2017). "7". The Moor's Last Stand: How Seven Centuries of Muslim Rule in Spain Came to an End (First ed.). Northampton, MA. ISBN 978-1-56656-004-7. OCLC 969827670.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ ben Shanhou, Abdel Hamid (1 November 1975). "أبو عبد الله آخر ملوك غرناطة، دفين تلمسان أم فاس؟" [Abu Abdullah, the last king of Granada, buried in Tlemcen or Fez?]. مجلة الأصالة (26): 270–277.
- ^ a b Recherches historiques sur les Maures, et histoire de l'empire de Maroc, Volume 2, p. 341, at Google Books and Volume 3, p. 303, at Google Books (in French)
- ^ Quadradinhos, II series, number 26 (22 November 1980) to 37 (7 February 1981), newspaper A Capital. Published in book-form as Luz do Oriente, Editorial Futura, Lisbon, 1986
Further reading
[edit]- Catlos, Brian A. (2018). Kingdoms of Faith: a New History of Islamic Spain. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05587-6.
- Maqqarī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1840–1843). The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. Vol. 2. Translated by Gayangos, Pascual de. London: W.H. Allen.
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