Religious festival

A religious festival is a time of special importance marked by adherents to that religion. Religious festivals are commonly celebrated on recurring cycles in a calendar year or lunar calendar. The science of religious rites and festivals is known as heortology.

Ancient Roman

Festivals (feriae) were an important part of Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and were one of the primary features of the Roman calendar. Feriae ("holidays" in the sense of "holy days") were either public (publicae) or private (privatae). State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding. Feriae privatae were holidays celebrated in honor of private individuals or by families.^[1]

The 1st-century BC scholar Varro defined feriae as "days instituted for the sake of the gods."^[2] A deity's festival often marked the anniversary (dies natalis, "birthday") of the founding of the deity's temple, or a rededication after a major renovation.^[3] Public business was suspended for the performance of religious rites on the feriae. Cicero says that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels, and slaves should get a break from their labors.^[4] On calendars of the Republic and early Empire, the religious statusdays were marked by letters such as F (for fastus), and N (for nefastus, when political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited). By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show these letters, probably as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius that recognized the changed religious environment of the empire.^[5]

On surviving Roman calendars, festivals that appear in large capital letters (such as the Lupercalia and Parilia) are thought to have been the most ancient holidays, becoming part of the calendar before 509 BC.^[6] Some of the oldest festivals are not named for deities.^[7] During the Imperial period, several traditional festivals localized at Rome became less important, and the birthdays and anniversaries of the emperor and his family gained prominence as Roman holidays. Games (ludi), such as the Ludi Apollinares, were often dedicated to particular deities, but were not technically feriae, although they might be holidays in the modern sense of days off work (dies festi). After the mid-1st century AD, there were more frequent spectacles and games (circenses) held in the venue called a "circus", in honor of various deities or for imperial anniversaries (dies Augusti). A religious festival held on a single day, such as the Floralia, might be expanded with games over multiple days (Ludi Florae); the festival of Flora is seen as a precursor of May Day festivities.^[8]

A major source for Roman holidays is Ovid's Fasti, a poem that describes and provides origins for festivals from January to June at the time of Augustus. Because it ends with June, less is known about Roman festivals in the second half of the year, with the exception of the Saturnalia, a religious festival in honor of Saturn on December 17 that expanded with celebrations through December 23. Probably the best-known Roman festival, some of its customs, such as gift-giving and the prevalence of candles, are thought to have influenced popular celebrations of Christmas.^[9]

Buddhist

Japanese festivals and Barua festivals often involve Buddhist culture, as do pagoda festivals held as fairs held at Buddhist temples in countries such as Thailand. Features of Buddhist Tibetan festivals may include the traditional cham dance, which is also a feature of some Buddhist festivals in India and Bhutan. Many festivals of Nepal are religious festivals involving Buddhism.

Christian

The central festival of Christianity is Easter, on which Christians celebrate their belief that Jesus Christ rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. Even for Easter, however, there is no agreement among the various Christian traditions regarding the date or manner of the observance, less for Christmas, Pentecost, or various other holidays. Both Protestants and Catholics observe certain festivals commemorating events in the life of Christ, and as well as Eastern Orthodox they often celebrate patronal festivals. Of these, the two most important are Christmas, which commemorates the Birth of Jesus, and Easter, which marks his resurrection.

Festival of Faiths

A celebration of interfaith dialogue, the first Festival of Faiths was held in Louisville, Kentucky,^[10] and in 1998, Senator Wendell Ford passed a resolution in the United States Congress "to express the sense of the Senate that the Louisville Festival of Faiths should be commended and should serve as model for similar festivals in other communities throughout the United States."^[11] Several cities throughout the United States now host interfaith festivals including Kansas City, Kansas,^[12] St Louis, Missouri,^[13] Indianapolis, Indiana ^[14] and Cincinnati, Ohio.^[15]

Hindu

'Utsava' is the Sanskrit word for Hindu festivals, meaning 'to cause to grow 'upward'.^{[citation needed]} Hindus observe sacred occasions by festive observances. All festivals in Hinduism are predominantly religious in character and significance. Many festival are seasonal. Some celebrate harvest and the birth of gods or heroes. Some are dedicated to important events in Hindu mythology. Many are dedicated to Shiva and Parvati, Vishnu and Lakshmi and Brahma and Saraswati.^[16] A festival may be observed with acts of worship, offerings to deities, fasting, feasting, vigil, rituals, fairs, charity, celebrations, Puja, Homa, aarti etc. They celebrate individual and community life of Hindus without distinction of caste, gender or class.^{[citation needed]} In the Hindu calendar dates are usually prescribed according to the lunar calendar. In vedic timekeeping, a tithi is a lunar day.^{[citation needed]} Among major festivals are Diwali, Gudi Padwa, Pongal, Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi, Raksha Bhandan, Krishna Janmashtami, Dasara or Dussehra, which may refer to the ten days of Sharada Navratri or the tenth day, Vijayadashami. Others include Onam, Shivaratri, Ugadi, Rathayatra of Jagannath at Puri in Ilam, Nepal and many other places in Nepal and many other countries^{[citation needed]}

Govinda celebrations during the Krishna Janmaashtami festivities
Hindu religious festival in Hampi

Islamic

Among major Islamic religious festivals are Eid ul-Adha, Eid ul-Fitr and Ramadan.

Iftar meal on Ramadan
Eid Prayers at Barashalghar
Eid in Tajikistan

Jain

Important festivals include Paryushan, Mahavir Janma Kalyanak and Diwali.

Jewish

A Jewish holiday (Yom Tov or chag in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. There are a number of festival days, fast days (ta'anit) and days of remembrance.

Mandaean

Parwanaya is the largest Mandaean festival.^[17]

Dehwa Honina or Dehwa Ṭurma (the Little Feast) is a Mandaean religious festival which takes place on the 18th of Taura (Ayar), celebrating the return of the divine messenger Hibil Ziwa from the World of Darkness to the World of Light.^[18]

Mandaeans also celebrate Dehwa Rabba (New Year's Day) and Dehwa Daymaneh (Birthday of John the Baptist).^[19]

Neo-Pagan

Natale di Roma

Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith has eleven holy days, which are important anniversaries in the history of the religion.

Sikh

Major Sikh festivals include Guru Nanak Gurpurab, Guru Gobind Gurpurab, Maghi, Poonai, Sangrand, and Vaisakhi.

Shinto

Sindhi

References

^ H.H. Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 38–39.
^ Varro, De lingua latina 6.12 (dies deorum causa instituti, as cited by Scullard, p. 39, noting also the phrase dis dedicati, "dedicated to the gods," in Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.16.2.
^ Hendrik Wagenvoort, "Initia Cereris," in Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion (Brill, 1956), pp. 163–164.
^ Cicero, De legibus 2.29, as cited by Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, p. 39.
^ Michele Renee Salzman, On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 17, 178.
^ Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, p. 41.
^ Wagenvoort, "Initia Cereris," pp. 163–164.
^ Salzman, On Roman Time, pp. 17, 120ff., 178; entry on "Bacchanalia and Saturnalia," in The Classical Tradition, edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 116.
^ Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 2, p. 124; Craig A. Williams, Martial: Epigrams Book Two (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 259 (on the custom of gift-giving); entry on "Bacchanalia and Saturnalia," in The Classical Tradition, p. 116; C. Bennet Pascal, "October Horse," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 (1981), p. 289.
^ Scanlon, Leslie (14 November 1996). ""Festival to Showcase Religious Diversity"". The Courier-Journal.
^ "Text - S.Res.274 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): A resolution to express the sense of the Senate that the Louisville Festival of Faiths should be commended and should serve as model for similar festivals in other communities throughout the United States". 9 October 1998. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
^ "Festival of Faiths in Kansas City". hwpi.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ "Interfaith Inspiration: Louisville, Kentucky's "Festival of Faiths"". Interfaith Partnership of Greater St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ SAAHIR, IMAM MICHAEL “MIKAL” (11 October 2018). "Indy's Festival of Faiths invites all religions". Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ "Opinion: Festival of Faiths a healing balm". Cincinnati.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ Amulya Mohapatra; Bijaya Mohapatra (1 December 1995). Hinduism: Analytical Study. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-388-9. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
^ Collection: Parwanaya (Banja) Festival: Unedited Clips Archived 2021-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Worlds of Mandaean Priests Archived 2021-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, University of Exeter
^ Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
^ "Mandaean Calendar". Mandaean Synod of Australia. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.

External links

interfaithcalendar.org

[1] H.H. Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 38–39.

[2] Varro, De lingua latina 6.12 (dies deorum causa instituti, as cited by Scullard, p. 39, noting also the phrase dis dedicati, "dedicated to the gods," in Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.16.2.

[3] Hendrik Wagenvoort, "Initia Cereris," in Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion (Brill, 1956), pp. 163–164.

[4] Cicero, De legibus 2.29, as cited by Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, p. 39.

[5] Michele Renee Salzman, On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 17, 178.

[6] Scullard, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, p. 41.

[7] Wagenvoort, "Initia Cereris," pp. 163–164.

[8] Salzman, On Roman Time, pp. 17, 120ff., 178; entry on "Bacchanalia and Saturnalia," in The Classical Tradition, edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 116.

[9] Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 2, p. 124; Craig A. Williams, Martial: Epigrams Book Two (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 259 (on the custom of gift-giving); entry on "Bacchanalia and Saturnalia," in The Classical Tradition, p. 116; C. Bennet Pascal, "October Horse," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 (1981), p. 289.

[10] Scanlon, Leslie (14 November 1996). ""Festival to Showcase Religious Diversity"". The Courier-Journal.

[11] "Text - S.Res.274 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): A resolution to express the sense of the Senate that the Louisville Festival of Faiths should be commended and should serve as model for similar festivals in other communities throughout the United States". 9 October 1998. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[12] "Festival of Faiths in Kansas City". hwpi.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.

[13] "Interfaith Inspiration: Louisville, Kentucky's "Festival of Faiths"". Interfaith Partnership of Greater St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.

[14] SAAHIR, IMAM MICHAEL “MIKAL” (11 October 2018). "Indy's Festival of Faiths invites all religions". Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.

[15] "Opinion: Festival of Faiths a healing balm". Cincinnati.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2020-06-14.

[16] Amulya Mohapatra; Bijaya Mohapatra (1 December 1995). Hinduism: Analytical Study. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-388-9. Retrieved 10 November 2011.

[17] Collection: Parwanaya (Banja) Festival: Unedited Clips Archived 2021-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Worlds of Mandaean Priests Archived 2021-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, University of Exeter

[Aldihisi_2008-18] Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2021-09-04.

[19] "Mandaean Calendar". Mandaean Synod of Australia. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.

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