Pierre Varignon
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Pierre Varignon | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1654 |
| Died | 23 December 1722 Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Known for | statics, mechanics, infinitesimal calculus, convergence of series, water clock, mechanical explanation of gravitation, Varignon's theorem |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | Académie Royale des Sciences, Collège Royal, Collège Mazarin, Berlin Academy, Royal Society |
| Doctoral advisor | Nicolas Malebranche |
| Doctoral students | Jacques Cassini |
Pierre Varignon (1654 – 23 December 1722) was a French mathematician. He was educated at the Jesuit College and the University of Caen, where he received his M.A. in 1682. He took Holy Orders the following year.
Varignon gained his first exposure to mathematics by reading Euclid and then Descartes' La Géométrie. He became professor of mathematics at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1688 and was elected to the Académie Royale des Sciences in the same year. In 1704, he held the departmental chair at Collège Mazarin and also became professor of mathematics at the Collège Royal. He was elected to the Berlin Academy in 1713 and to the Royal Society in 1718. Many of his works were published in Paris in 1725, three years after his death. His lectures at Mazarin were published in Elements de mathematique in 1731.
Varignon was a friend of Newton, Leibniz, and the Bernoulli family. Varignon's principal contributions were to graphic statics and mechanics. Except for l'Hôpital, Varignon was the earliest and strongest French advocate of infinitesimal calculus, and exposed the errors in Michel Rolle's critique thereof. He recognized the importance of a test for the convergence of series, but analytical difficulties prevented his success. Nevertheless, he simplified the proofs of many propositions in mechanics, adapted Leibniz's calculus to the inertial mechanics of Newton's Principia, and treated mechanics in terms of the composition of forces in Projet d'une nouvelle mécanique in 1687. Among Varignon's other works was a 1699 publication concerning the application of differential calculus to fluid flow and to water clocks. In 1690, he created a mechanical explanation of gravitation. In 1702, he applied calculus to spring-driven clocks. In 1704, he invented the U-tube manometer, a device capable of measuring rarefaction in gases.[1]
Works
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- Projet d'une nouvelle mechanique (in French). Paris: Edme Martin, veuve. 1687.
- Traité du mouvement et de la mesure des eaux coulantes et jaillissantes (in French). Bologna: Lelio Dalla Volpe. 1736.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Kaye, Brian H. (2008). Golf Balls, Boomerangs and Asteroids. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 145. ISBN 9783527614820.
- An original entry was based on the book A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball.
- 1654 births
- 1722 deaths
- Clergy from Caen
- Academic staff of the University of Paris
- 17th-century French Roman Catholic priests
- 18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
- 17th-century French mathematicians
- 18th-century French mathematicians
- Fellows of the Royal Society
- French mathematical analysts
- Members of the French Academy of Sciences
- Catholic clergy scientists
- University of Caen Normandy alumni
- Scientists from Caen