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Durotriges

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Durotriges
Celtic tribes of South England
Geography
CapitalDurnovaria (Dorchester)
Dunium (Hengistbury Head)
LocationDorset
South Wiltshire
South Somerset
Devon
RulersNone known

The Durotriges were one of the Celtic tribes living in Britain prior to the Roman invasion. The tribe lived in modern Dorset, south Wiltshire, south Somerset and Devon east of the River Axe and the discovery of an Iron Age hoard in 2009 at Shalfleet, Isle of Wight gives evidence that they may also have lived in the western half of the island. After the Roman conquest, their main civitates, or settlement-centred administrative units, were Durnovaria (modern Dorchester, "the probable original capital") and Lindinis (modern Ilchester, "whose former, unknown status was thereby enhanced"[1]). Their territory was bordered to the west by the Dumnonii; and to the east by the Belgae.

Name

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Silver Stater, stylised head of Apollo, about 60 BC, obverse
The reverse of this Celtic coin showing a stylised horse with eye behind pellets
British Celts, gold stater from the Durotriges. Chute type with strongly Celticized, disjointed horse left and abstract head of Apollo on the right.

The tribe's name is known from Ptolemy's Geography and from two inscriptions on Hadrian's Wall, both dating from after the Roman conquest of Britain.[2] It is not known if anyone referred to them as the Durotriges before they arrived in the area now known as Dorset.

The name can probably be broken down into two parts. 'Duro', which means 'hard' or 'strong place' and was widely used for early Roman forts, and 'trig' means inhabitant.[3] That would produce a meaning of 'fort dwellers', appropriate for the region's many hill forts (although these appear to have been largely abandoned by the time of the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43).[4] 'Duro' has also been derived from 'dubro', the British word for water ('dour' or 'dwr'), and the second element has been interpreted as 'riges', that is 'kings'.[5]

Territory

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Territory of the Durotriges

The area of the Durotriges is identified in part by coin finds:[6] few Durotrigan coins are found in the "core" area, where they were apparently unacceptable and were reminted. To their north and east were the Belgae, beyond the Avon and its tributary Wylye: "the ancient division is today reflected in the county division between Wiltshire and Somerset."[7]

Their main outlet for the trade across the Channel, strong in the first half of the 1st century BC, when the potter's wheel was introduced, then drying up in the decades before the advent of the Romans, was at Hengistbury Head. Numismatic evidence shows progressive debasing of the coinage, suggesting economic retrenchment accompanying the increased cultural isolation. Analysis of the body of Durotrigan ceramics suggests to Cunliffe that the production was increasingly centralised, at Poole Harbour (Cunliffe 2005:183).

The Durotriges were possibly more of a tribal confederation than a discrete tribe.[8] They were one of the groups that issued coinage before the Roman conquest, part of the cultural "periphery", as Barry Cunliffe characterised them, round the "core group" of Britons in the south. These coins were rather simple and had no inscriptions, and thus no names of coin-issuers can be known, let alone evidence about monarchs or rulers. Nevertheless, the Durotriges presented a settled society, based in the farming of lands[9] surrounded by hill forts, the majority of which seem to have gone out of use by 100 BC, long before the arrival of the Roman II Legion, commanded by Vespasian in 43 or 44 AD. Maiden Castle is a preserved example of one of these earlier hill forts.[10]

Settlements

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Maiden Castle, Dorset was in the territory of the Durotriges

The absorption of the Durotriges' ruling families into the Roman province of Britannia and the extent of Romanisation makes documenting the names of settlements occupied by the Durotriges before the Roman conquest difficult, but from a variety of sources several places are known. Ptolemy's Geography lists Dunium, speculated to be Hengistbury Head, as an important tribal centre near their Belgae neighbours, but it is unknown whether if it was considered the capital of the tribal confederation, especially as several other settlements appear to be equally important from archaeological evidence. Known places of pre-conquest settlement include:

Culture

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Remains of a Roman town house in Dorchester

Burial of Durotriges was by inhumation, with a last ritual meal provided even under exiguous circumstances, as in the eight burials at Maiden Castle, carried out immediately after the Roman attack. Most Durotrigian burials are laid down in crouched positions within shallow, oval graves. One such inhumation of a young Durotrigian woman was found at Langton Herring in Dorset in 2010. The burial, which was laid down with a decorated mirror, had a radiocarbon date of between AD 25 – 53.[11]

Although it was previously thought that the Durotriges strongly resisted the Roman invasion of AD 43/44, the historian Suetonius recording some battles fought between tribes of southern Britain and the second legion Augusta, then commanded by Vespasian, we do not know if the Durotriges, in particular, were involved. Mortimer Wheeler, who reported on the excavation of Maiden Castle conducted by himself and Tessa Wheeler between 1934 and 1938, interpreted a cemetery uncovered in the hill fort's east gate as evidence for a savage Roman assault.[12] Later examination of Maiden Castle by Niall Sharples in 1985-6[13] and geophysical survey conducted in 2015 by Dave Stewart[14] have shown that Wheeler's interpretation of a siege and subsequent massacre is unlikely.[15] By 70 AD, the tribe was already starting to be Romanised and securely included in the Roman province of Britannia. In the tribe's area, the Romans explored some quarries and supported a local pottery industry.

The Durotriges, and their relationship with the Roman Empire, form the basis for an ongoing archaeological research project directed by Paul Cheetham, Ellen Hambleton and Miles Russell of Bournemouth University. The Durotriges Project[16] has, since 2009, been reconsidering the Iron Age to Roman transition through a detailed programme of field survey, geophysical investigation and targeted excavation. To date the programme of work has concentrated upon an enclosed late Iron Age banjo enclosure containing round houses, work surfaces and storage pits, a Late Iron Age cemetery, two Roman villas and a large Late Iron Age roundhouse settlement referred to as Duropolis.[17]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Bruce Eagles, "Britons and Saxons on the Eastern Boundary of the Civitas Durotrigum" Britannia 35 (2004:234-240) p. 234. doi:10.2307/4128631
  2. ^ Deconstructing the Durotriges. A definition of Iron Age communities within the Dorset environs. BAR British Series 462, 2008. Martin Papworth. ISBN 978 1 4073 0221 8.
  3. ^ "Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru".
  4. ^ Stewart, Dave and Russell, Miles. (2017) Hillforts and the Durotriges: a geophysical survey of Iron Age Dorset, pp. 155-70. Published by Archaeopress (ISBN 9781784917159)
  5. ^ Deconstructing the Durotriges. A definition of Iron Age communities within the Dorset environs. BAR British Series 462, 2008. Martin Papworth. ISBN 978 1 4073 0221 8. p.26
  6. ^ Cunliffe 2005: fig. 8:2.
  7. ^ Eagles 2004: 234 and map, fig. 5.
  8. ^ "The Durotriges were a close-knit confederacy of smaller units centred on modern Dorset," writes Barry Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC Until the Roman Conquest, 4th ed. 2005:178, in beginning his Part II.8 "The tribes of the periphery: Durotriges, Dobunni, Iceni and Corieltauvi" (pp 178-201).
  9. ^ Several homestead sites have been excavated in Cranborne Chase.
  10. ^ Stewart, Dave and Russell, Miles. (2017) Hillforts and the Durotriges: a geophysical survey of Iron Age Dorset, pp. 106-133, 155-70. Published by Archaeopress (ISBN 9781784917159)
  11. ^ Smith, Martin. (2019). "The girl with the chariot medallion: a well-furnished, Late Iron Age Durotrigian burial from Langton Herring, Dorset". Archaeological Journal. 176 (2): 196–230. doi:10.1080/00665983.2019.1573551.
  12. ^ Wheeler, M. (1943) Maiden Castle pp. 61-4. Society of Antiquaries Report 12 published by Oxford University Press hdl:20.500.12657/27681
  13. ^ Sharples, N. (1991) Maiden Castle, pp. 124-5. Published by Batsford (ISBN 9780713460834)
  14. ^ Stewart, Dave and Russell, Miles. (2017) Hillforts and the Durotriges: a geophysical survey of Iron Age Dorset, pp. 106-133. Published by Archaeopress (ISBN 9781784917159)
  15. ^ Russell, Miles. (2019). "Mythmakers of Maiden Castle: the Siege Mentality of an Iron Age Hillfort". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 38. doi:10.1111/ojoa.12172.
  16. ^ "The Durotriges Project". www.bournemouth.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  17. ^ Cheetham, P, Hambleton, E, Russell, M, and Smith, M 2013 'Digging the Durotriges' CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGY 281, 36-41

Further reading

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  • Martin Papworth, (2011), The Search for the Durotriges: Dorset and the West Country in the Late Iron Age. The History Press. ISBN 0752457373
  • Paul Cheetham Ellen Hambleton, Miles Russell and Martin Smith (2013), Digging the Durotriges: Life and Death in Late Iron Age Dorset. Current Archaeology 281, 36-41.
  • Dave Stewart and Miles Russell, (2017), Hillforts and the Durotriges: a geophysical survey of Iron Age Dorset. Archaeopress ISBN 9781784917159
  • Guy de la Bédoyère (2006), Roman Britain: A New History
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