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Nephilim

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For other uses, see Nephilim (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Nevi'im or Niflheim.

The Fall of the Rebel Angels by Hieronymus Bosch, based on Genesis 6:1–4

The Nephilim (/ˈnɛfɪˌlɪm/; Hebrew: נְפִילִים Nəfīlīm) are mysterious beings or people in the Bible traditionally imagined as being of great size and strength, or alternatively beings of great power and authority.[1] The origins of the Nephilim are disputed. Some, including the author of the Book of Enoch, view them as the offspring of rebellious angels and humans.[2][3] Others view them as descendants of Seth and Cain.[4][5][6]

This reference to them is in Genesis 6:1–4, but the passage is ambiguous and the identity of the Nephilim is disputed.[7][8] According to Numbers 13:33, ten of the Twelve Spies report the existence of Nephilim in Canaan prior to its conquest by the Israelites.[9][10]

A similar or identical Biblical Hebrew term, read as "Nephilim" by some scholars, or as the word "fallen" by others, appears in Ezekiel 32:27 and is also mentioned in the deuterocanonical books Judith 16:6, Sirach 16:7, Baruch 3:26–28, and Wisdom 14:6.[a][11][12]

Etymology

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The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon (1908) gives the meaning of Nephilim as "giants", and warns that proposed etymologies of the word are "all very precarious".[13] Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root n-p-l (נ־פ־ל) "fall". Girdlestone (1871, p. 91) argued the word comes from the hif'il causative stem, possibly indicating that the name ’Nephilim’ is to be understood as 'those that cause others to fall down'.[14] Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form: 'Ones who have fallen', grammatically analogous to paqid 'one who is appointed' (i.e., a deputy or overseer), asir 'one who is bound' (i.e., a prisoner), etc.[15][16] It is also argued that the "fallen" refer to those who "fell in battle", similar to the gibborim. [17]

The majority of ancient biblical translations – including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Neofiti – interpret the word to mean "giants".[18] Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones"[19][b][21] and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"[19] or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]."[21][22][c]

Origins of belief

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Archaeologist G.E. Wright states that belief in the Nephilim, especially as giants, originated from the Hebrews’ contemplation of Transjordian megalithic structures and cyclopean masonry walls of Canaanite cities, with some being 18 feet thick. Nonetheless, he notes that ancient Canaanites were relatively short, before and after 3000 BC, with no significant findings of abnormally sized aborigines.[23] Biblical professor Brian R. Doak believes that Nephilim lore is a polemic against the tropes of epic and heroism, commonly found in the worldviews of cultures similar to the Hebrews'.[24] J.C. Greenfield similarly believes that Nephilim lore is based on "the negative aspects of the Apkallu tradition" in Sumerian mythology.[25](pp 72–74) The Apkallu were seven antediluvian culture heroes who were praised for their exceptional wisdom. In fact, some were called "the son of Ea".[25](p 73)

Brand et al. (2023)[17] argue that the Nephilim refer to elite or royal warriors from legendary antiquity, who do not necessarily have abnormal stature or divine parentage. They view the Nephilim in Numbers 13-14 as autochthonous elite warriors who dwelt in pre-Israelite Canaan.[17] Ellen White believes that their purpose, narratively speaking, is to die so that God's chosen, who are the "underdogs", could prevail. [26]

The Anakites, who are associated with the Nephilim,[27] are mentioned in the Egyptian Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom[28] (2055–1650 BC) as one of Egypt's political enemies in Canaan.[29]

In the Hebrew Bible

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In the Hebrew Bible, there are three interconnected passages referencing the nephilim. Two of them come from the Pentateuch. The first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's Ark. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows:

The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown.[9]

Where the Jewish Publication Society's translation simply transliterates the Hebrew nephilim as "Nephilim",[9] the King James Version translates the term as "giants".[30]

The nature of the Nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess takes it to mean that the Nephilim are the offspring,[31] as does P.W. Coxon.[32]

The second is Numbers 13:32–33, where ten of the Twelve Spies describe the Anakites (a Rephaite tribe) as descendants of the Nephilim:

And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.[9]

Outside the Pentateuch there is one more passage indirectly referencing nephilim and this is Ezekiel 32:17–32. Of special significance is Ezekiel 32:27, which contains a phrase of disputed meaning. With the traditional vowels added to the text in the medieval period, the phrase is read gibborim nophlim ("'fallen warriors" or "fallen Gibborim"), although some scholars read the phrase as gibborim nephilim ("Nephilim warriors" or "warriors, Nephilim").[33][11][32] According to R.S. Hendel, the phrase should be interpreted as "warriors, the Nephilim" in a reference to Genesis 6:4. The verse as understood by Hendel reads:

They lie with the warriors, the Nephilim of old, who descended to Sheol with their weapons of war. They placed their swords beneath their heads and their shields upon their bones, for the terror of the warriors was upon the land of the living.[11]

B.R. Doak, on the other hand, proposes to read the term as the Hebrew verb "fallen" (נופלים nophlim), not a use of the specific term "Nephilim", but still according to Doak a clear reference to the Nephilim tradition as found in Genesis.[12](p 622)

Interpretations

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Giants

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Main article: Giants (Greek mythology)

The earliest translations of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, composed in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, renders the said word as gigantes. In Greek Mythology the gigantes were beings of great strength and aggression but not necessarily of great size.[34] The choice made by the Greek translators has been preserved in Latin translation. The Vulgate, compiled in the 4th or 5th century AD, transcribes the Greek term rather than translating the Hebrew nefilim. From there, the tradition of the giant progeny of the sons of God and the daughters of men spread to later medieval translations of the Bible.[1]

The decision of the Greek translators to render the Hebrew nefilim as Greek gigantes is a separate matter. The Hebrew nefilim means literally "the fallen ones" and the strict translation into Greek would be peptokotes, which in fact appears in the Septuagint of Ezekiel 32:22–27. It seems then that the authors of Septuagint wished not only to simply translate the foreign term into Greek, but also to employ a term which would be intelligible and meaningful for their Hellenistic audiences. Given the complex meaning of the nefilim which emerged from the three interconnected biblical passages (human–divine hybrids in Genesis 6, autochthonous people in Numbers 13 and ancient warriors damned in the underworld in Ezekiel 32), the Greek translators recognized some similarities. First and foremost, both nefilim and gigantes possessed an ambiguous identity, being a mixture of the human and divine. They were also viewed with fascination and moral contempt. Secondly, both were presented as impersonating chaotic qualities and posing some serious danger to gods and humans. Lastly, both gigantes and nefilim were clearly connected with the underworld and were said to have originated from earth, and they both end up closed therein.[1]

In 1 Enoch, they were "great giants, whose height was three hundred cubits". Because 1 cubit is 18 inches (46 cm), this would make them 450 feet (140 m) tall.

The Quran refers to the people of Ād in Quran 26:130 whom the prophet Hud declares to be like jabbarin (Hebrew: gibborim), probably a reference to the Biblical Nephilim. The people of Ād are said to be giants, the tallest among them 100 ft (30 m) high.[35] However, according to Islamic legend, the ʿĀd were not wiped out by the Flood, since some of them had been too tall to be drowned. Instead, God destroyed them after they rejected further warnings.[36] After death, they were banished into the lower layers of hell.[37]

Fallen angels

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Main article: Fallen angel
The Sons of God Saw the Daughters of Men That They Were Fair, sculpture by Daniel Chester French

All early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. From the third century BC onwards, references are found in the Enochic literature, the Dead Sea Scrolls,[38] Jubilees, the Testament of Reuben, 2 Baruch, Josephus, and the Book of Jude (compare with 2 Peter 2). For example:

1 Enoch 7:[2]"And when the angels, [3]the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children."

Some Christian apologists, such as Tertullian and especially Lactantius, shared this opinion.

The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and it has since become especially commonplace in modern Christian commentaries. This line of interpretation finds additional support in the text of Genesis 6:4, which juxtaposes the sons of God (male gender, divine nature) with the daughters of men (female gender, human nature). From this parallelism it could be inferred that the sons of God are understood as some superhuman beings.[2]

The New American Bible commentary draws a parallel to the Epistle of Jude and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of Nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women.[3][d] The footnotes of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that the biblical author intended the Nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race". Superhuman, in this context, refers to the extremity of their wickedness.[e]

Some Christian commentators have argued against this view, citing Jesus's statement that angels do not marry.[40] Others disagree since Jesus also compared angels to men, thus implying the former's ability to have sex.[41] Angels are also never explicitly described as being incapable of marriage. The absence of marriage among angels can be thus compared to wilful celibacy.[42]

Evidence cited in favor of the fallen angels interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew: בְּנֵי הָֽאֱלֹהִים‎; or "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis 6, in the Book of Job (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The Septuagint manuscript Codex Alexandrinus reading of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God" while Codex Vaticanus reads "sons".[43]

Another modern view that aligns with the fallen angel interpretation includes Nephilim being the offspring of demon-possessed men and women. [44]

Second Temple Judaism

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Main articles: Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees, and Watcher (angel)
See also: Second Temple Judaism

The story of the Nephilim is further elaborated in the Book of Enoch. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and Jubilees obtained in the 19th century and held in the British Museum and Vatican Library, connect the origin of the Nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the egrḗgoroi (watchers). Samyaza, an angel of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females:

And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: "Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children." And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it ...[45]

In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the Elioud, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate of the Nephilim.

Some believe the fallen angels who begat the Nephilim were cast into Tartarus (2 Peter 2:4, Jude 1:6) (Greek Enoch 20:2),[f] a place of "total darkness". An interpretation is that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim to remain after the Flood, as demons, to try to lead the human race astray until the final Judgment. Another similar view was proposed by Dr. Michael Heiser, an Old Testament scholar from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In his book The Unseen Realm he states that the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim became what has been known as demons or unclean spirits.[47]

In addition to Enoch, the Book of Jubilees (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these Nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time.[48] These works describe the Nephilim as being evil giants.

The New Testament Epistle of Jude (14–15) cites from 1 Enoch 1:9, which many scholars believe is based on Deuteronomy 33:2.[49][g][h][i] To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct; however, others[52] have questioned this.

Descendants of Seth and Cain

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References to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain are found from the second century AD onwards in both Christian and Jewish sources (e.g., Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Sextus Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement). It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible: Henok 2:1–3

"and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, 'Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us.'"

Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. Shimon bar Yochai pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. Rashi and Nachmanides followed this. Pseudo-Philo (Biblical Antiquities 3:1–3) may also imply that the "sons of God" were human.[53] Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels".[j] This is also the rendering suggested in the Targum Onqelos, Symmachus and the Samaritan Targum, which read "sons of the rulers", where Targum Neophyti reads "sons of the judges".

Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the Nephilim the offspring of their union.[k] This view, dating to at least the 1st century AD in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the Clementine literature,[54] as well as in Sextus Julius Africanus,[6] Ephrem the Syrian,[55] and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before the flood they [humans] were ... marrying and giving in marriage" (Matthew 24:38, emphasis added).[56][self-published source?]

Some individuals and groups, including St. Augustine, John Chrysostom, and John Calvin, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the Nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of Seth, who were called sons of God probably in reference to their prior covenant with Yahweh (cf. Deuteronomy 14:1; 32:5); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of "the daughters of men", e.g., those who were descended from Cain or from any people who did not worship God.

This also is the view of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church,[57] supported by their own Ge'ez manuscripts and Amharic translation of the Haile Selassie Bible—where the books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions.[l] The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, including Clementine literature, the 3rd century Cave of Treasures, and the c. 6th century Ge'ez work The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the Conflict:

Certain wise men of old wrote concerning them, and say in their [sacred] books that angels came down from heaven and mingled with the daughters of Cain, who bare unto them these giants. But these [wise men] err in what they say. God forbid such a thing, that angels who are spirits, should be found committing sin with human beings. Never, that cannot be. And if such a thing were of the nature of angels, or Satans, that fell, they would not leave one woman on earth, undefiled ... But many men say, that angels came down from heaven, and joined themselves to women, and had children by them. This cannot be true. But they were children of Seth, who were of the children of Adam, that dwelt on the mountain, high up, while they preserved their virginity, their innocence and their glory like angels; and were then called 'angels of God'. But when they transgressed and mingled with the children of Cain, and begat children, ill-informed men said, that angels had come down from heaven, and mingled with the daughters of men, who bear them giants.

Offspring of Orion

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In Aramaic culture, the term nephilim refers to the offspring of Orion in mythology.[58] However the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".[59]

Arabian paganism

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Fallen angels were believed by Arab pagans to be sent to earth in form of men. Some of them mated with humans and gave rise to hybrid children. As recorded by Al-Jahiz, a common belief held that Abu Jurhum, the ancestor of the Jurhum tribe, was actually the son of a disobedient angel and a human woman.[60][61]

Fossil remains of giants

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Further information: List of tallest people § Disputed and unverified claims

Alleged discoveries of Nephilim remains have been a common source of hoaxing and misidentification.[62]

In 1577, a series of large bones discovered near Lucerne were interpreted as the bones of an antediluvian giant about 5.8 m (19 ft) tall.[63] In 1786, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach found out that these remains belonged to a mammoth.[64] Cotton Mather believed that fossilized leg bones and teeth discovered near Albany, New York in 1705 were the remains of Nephilim who perished in a great flood. Paleontologists have identified these as mastodon remains.[65][66] In 1869, the Cardiff Giant, a hoax intended to fool believers in Nephilim, was supposedly discovered in Cardiff, New York.[67]

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Main article: Nephilim in popular culture

The name and idea of Nephilim, like many other religious concepts, is sometimes used in popular culture. Examples include the gothic rock band Fields of the Nephilim; The Renquist Quartet novels by Mick Farren; The Mortal Instruments, The Infernal Devices, The Last Hours, The Dark Artifices and other books in The Shadowhunter Chronicles series by Cassandra Clare; the Hush, Hush series by Becca Fitzpatrick; the book Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle; and TV series The X-Files and Supernatural.

In the video game series Darksiders, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are said to be Nephilim, wherein the Nephilim were created by the unholy union of angels and demons. Dante and Vergil, the main characters of the game DmC: Devil May Cry (2013), a reboot of the popular original series Devil May Cry, are also referred to as Nephilim; being the offspring of the demon Sparda and the angel Eva. In the trading card game Magic: The Gathering, the Nephilim are interpreted as 'Old Gods' from before modern society.[68] In Diablo 3, the Nephalem were the first humans upon Sanctuary, created as a result of the union between angels and demons. They figure prominently in the plot of Antarktos Rising[69] by author Jeremy Robinson. In the heist-themed first person shooter Payday 2, several paintings, artifacts, and far off visuals reference the Nephilim, and a secret ending to the game brings in alien technology supposedly left by the Nephilim. A creature referred to as "Nephilim" appears in season 2 of the Japanese animated series Symphogear. Nephilim is a role-playing game about powerful elemental entities reincarnating into human beings.[70]

There are several movies, videos, documentaries, and podcasts on Nephilim.[71][72]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Hendel (1987) presents the view that the word used in Ezekiel 32 is explicitly the word "Nephilim", the same word used in other Bible books.[11]
    Doak (2013) proposes an alternate view, that the actual term used in Ezekiel 32:27 is a related, but different word, that is deliberately used to refer back to the traditional ideas about the Nephilim, but that it is not itself the explicit term "Nephilim".[12]
  2. ^ The Greek translation reads 'οι βιαιοι; the singular root βιαιος means "violence" or "forcible".[20]
  3. ^ The rendering he fell upon, attacked [in Symmachus, Genesis 6:6] is something of a puzzle ... If it has been faithfully recorded, it may be related to the rendering of Aquila for the Nephilim in 6:4, οι επιπιπτοντες.[22]
  4. ^ "The angels too, who did not keep to their own domain but deserted their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains, in gloom, for the judgement of the great day. Likewise, Sodom and Gomorrah, and the surrounding towns, which, in the same manner as they, indulged in sexual promiscuity and practiced unnatural vice, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire."[3]
  5. ^ The author does not present this episode as a myth nor, on the other hand, does he deliver judgment on its actual occurrence; he records the anecdote of a superhuman race simply to serve as an example of the increase in human wickedness which was to provoke the Flood.[39]
  6. ^ "He may be Uriel, if it is legitimate to compare 1 Enoch xx. 2, according to which he was the angel set over the world and Tartarus (ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τοῦ Ταρτάρου). In 1 Enoch, Tartarus is the nether world generally."[46][verification needed][full citation needed]
  7. ^ "1.9 In 'He comes with ten thousands of His holy ones' the text reproduces the Masoretic of Deut. 33:2 in reading אָתָא‎ = ἔρχεται, whereas the three Targums, the Syriac, and Vulgate read אִתֹּה‎ = μετ' αὐτοῦ. Here the LXX diverges wholly. The reading אתא‎ is recognised as original. The writer of 1–5 therefore used the Hebrew text and presumably wrote in Hebrew." Charles (1912), p. lviii
  8. ^ "We may note especially that 1:1, 3–4, 9, allude unmistakably to Deuteronomy 33:1–2 (along with other passages in the Hebrew Bible), implying that the author, like some other Jewish writers, read Deuteronomy 33–34, the last words of Moses in the Torah, as prophecy of the future history of Israel, and 33:2 as referring to the eschatological theophany of God as judge."[50]
  9. ^ "The introduction ... picks up various biblical passages and re-interprets them, applying them to Enoch. Two passages are central to it: The first is Deuteronomy 33:1 ... the second is Numbers 24:3–4."[verification needed][51]
  10. ^ "The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of the nobles would come to the daughters of man, and they would bear for them; they are the mighty men, who were of old, the men of renown."[5]
  11. ^ Later Judaism and almost all the earliest ecclesiastical writers identify the "sons of God" with the fallen angels; but from the fourth century onwards, as the idea of angelic natures becomes less material, the Fathers commonly take the "sons of God" to be Seth's descendants and the "daughters of men" those of Cain.[4]
  12. ^ The Amharic text of Henok 2:1–3 (i.e. 1 En) in the 1962 Ethiopian Orthodox Bible may be translated as follows:
    "After mankind abounded, it became thus: And in that season, handsome comely children were born to them; and the offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, 'Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us.'"

References

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  1. ^ a b c Kosior, Wojciech (22 May 2018). "The fallen (or) giants? The gigantic qualities of the Nefilim in the Hebrew Bible". In Waligórska, Magdalena; Kohn, Tara (eds.). Jewish Translation – Translating Jewishness. de Gruyter. pp. 17–38. doi:10.1515/9783110550788-002. ISBN 978-3110550788.
  2. ^ a b Kosior, Wojciech (2010). "Synowie bogów i córki człowieka. Kosmiczny 'mezalians' i jego efekty w Księdze Rodzaju 6:1–6" [The cosmic mis-alliance and its effects in Genesis 6:1–6]. Ex Nihilo: Periodyk Młodych Religioznawców (in Polish). 1 (3): 73–74.
    "English translation of "The cosmic mis-alliance and its effects in Genesis 6:1–6"". Translated by Kalinowski, Daniel. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b c New American Bible. footnotes, p. 1370, referring to verse 6.
  4. ^ a b "Genesis VI". Jerusalem Bible. footnote.
  5. ^ a b "Genesis 6:4". Translated by chabad.org – via chabad.org.
  6. ^ a b Methodius, Arn. "Fathers of the Third Century: Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius the great, Julius Africanus, Anatolius, and minor writers". ccel.org. ANF06. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  7. ^ "Nephilim". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  8. ^ Doedens, J.J.T. (2019). The Sons of God in Genesis 6:1–4: Analysis and history of exegesis. Brill. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-9004395909. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d Pentateuch. Jewish Publication Society. 1917.
  10. ^ "Numbers 13:33". The Holy Scriptures: A new translation. JPS. 1917. Retrieved 9 February 2024 – via sefaria.org.
  11. ^ a b c d Hendel, Ronald S. (1987). "Of demigods and the deluge: Toward an interpretation of Genesis 6:1–4". Journal of Biblical Literature. 106 (1): 22. doi:10.2307/3260551. JSTOR 3260551.
  12. ^ a b c Doak, Brian R. (2013). "Ezekiel's topography of the (un-)heroic dead in Ezekiel 32:17–32". Journal of Biblical Literature. 132 (3): 607–624. doi:10.2307/23487889. JSTOR 23487889.
  13. ^ Brown, Francis; Driver, S.R.; Briggs, Charles A., eds. (1907). A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. p. 658.
  14. ^ Girdlestone, Robert Baker (1871). Synonyms of the Old Testament: Their bearing on Christian faith and practice. London, UK: Longmans, Green. p. 91 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ Hendel, Ronald (2004). "The Nephilim were on the Earth: Genesis 6:1–4 and its ancient Near Eastern context". In Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T. (eds.). The Fall of the Angels. Brill. pp. 21–34. ISBN 978-9004126688.
  16. ^ Marks, Herbert (Spring 1995). "Biblical naming and poetic etymology". Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 (1): 21–42. doi:10.2307/3266588. JSTOR 3266588.
  17. ^ a b c Brand, Miryam; Galbraith, Deane; Keiser, Thomas; Nguyen, Martin; Paul, Clarissa; Pinkus, Assaf; Stinchcomb, Jillian (2023). "Nephilim". de Gruyter (degruyter.com). Database EBR.
  18. ^ van Ruiten, Jacques (2000). Primaeval History Interpreted: The rewriting of Genesis I–II in the Book of Jubilees. Brill. p. 189. ISBN 978-9004116580.
  19. ^ a b Wright, Archie T. (2005). The Origin of Evil Spirits: The reception of Genesis 6.1–4 in early Jewish literature. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-3161486562.
  20. ^ Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R., eds. (1883). Greek–English Lexicon. New York, Harper – via Internet Archive (archive.org).
  21. ^ a b Stackhouse, Thomas (1869). A History of the Holy Bible. Blackie & Son. p. 53.
  22. ^ a b Salvesen, Alison (25 July – 3 August 1994). "Symmachus readings in the Pentateuch". Origen's Hexapla and Fragments. The Rich Seminar on the Hexapla. Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies: Mohr Siebeck (published 1998). p. 190. ISBN 978-3161465758.
  23. ^ Wright, George Ernest (1938). "Troglodytes and giants in Palestine". Journal of Biblical Literature. 57 (3): 305–309. doi:10.2307/3259820. JSTOR 3259820.
  24. ^ Doak, Brian R. (2011). "The last of the Rephaim: Conquest and cataclysm in the heroic ages of ancient Israel". Harvard University – via George Fox University.
  25. ^ a b van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2.
  26. ^ White, Ellen (2024). "Who are the Nephilim?". Biblical Archaeology Society (biblicalarchaeology.org). Archived from the original on 26 March 2024.
  27. ^ White, Ellen (2023). "Who are the Nephilim?". Biblical Archaeology Society (biblicalarchaeology.org). Archived from the original on 27 August 2023.
  28. ^ Wyatt, Nicolas (2001). Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-04942-1.
  29. ^ Wyatt 2001.
  30. ^ "Genesis 6 in parallel Hebrew–English format". Mechon Mamre (mechon-mamre.org).
  31. ^ Hess, Richard (1997) [1992]. "Nephilim". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York, NY: Doubleday.
  32. ^ a b Coxon, P.W. (1999). "Nephilim". In van der Toorn, K.; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. William B. Eerdmans. p. 619. ISBN 978-0802824912. Retrieved 5 June 2015 – via Google Books.
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  40. ^ Matthew 22:30
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  43. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1901). The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. Greek text: "οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ"
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  45. ^ Carnahan, Timothy R. "Book 1: Watchers". Academy for Ancient Texts (ancienttexts.org). Retrieved 14 August 2012.
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  47. ^ "Where do demons come from?". logos.com. 15 February 2021.
  48. ^ van Ruiten, J.T.A.G.M. (20 May 2022). Primaeval History Interpreted: The rewriting of Genesis 1–11 in the Book of Jubilees. BRILL. p. 226. ISBN 978-90-04-49806-8.
  49. ^ Charles, R.H., ed. (1912). Book of Enoch: Together with a reprint of the Greek fragments. London, UK. p. lviii.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  50. ^ Bauckham, Richard (1999). The Jewish world around the New Testament: Collected essays. p. 276.
  51. ^ Stone, Michael E. Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha with special reference to the Armenian Tradition. Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 9. p. 422. [full citation needed]
  52. ^ Green, Michael. The second epistle general of Peter, and the general epistle of Jude. p. 59. [full citation needed]
  53. ^ Kugel, James L. (1998). Traditions of the Bible: A guide to the Bible as it was at the start of the Common Era. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674791510. [page needed]
  54. ^ "Kitãb al-Magāll, or the Book of the Rolls. One of the books of Clement". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  55. ^ Commentary in Genesis. 6:3.
  56. ^ Wade, Rick (27 May 2005). "The Nephilim". probe.org. Answering e‑mail. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009.
  57. ^ "The 'Holy Angels'". Sunday Schools Department (in Amharic). Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.
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  61. ^ Islam, Amira el-Zein (2009). Arabs and Intelligent World of the Jinn. Syracuse University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0815650706.
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  72. ^ Berkowitz, Adam Eliyahu (15 February 2022). "Evidence of 'biblical giants' found in northern Israel". The Jerusalem Post (video review). New docu-series to present rare, researched look at the Nephilim.
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