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Ghanaians

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Ghanaians
Total population
c. 34 million
Regions with significant populations
 Nigeria500,000 (2021)[1]
 United States256,750 (2015) [n1][2]
 United Kingdom250,000 (2021)[n1][3]
 Ivory Coast111,024
 Italy50,414 (2015)[n1][4][5][6]
 Netherlands40,000 (2003)[n1][5][7]
 Canada35,495 (2016)[n1][5][8]
 Germany39,000 (2023) [n1][9]
 Spain12,699 (2007) [n1][10]
 Lebanon10,297 (2013) [n1][11]
 France10,000 (2007) [n1][12]
 South Africa10,000 (2010)[n1][13][failed verification]
 Belgium5,600 (2015) [n1]
 Australia3,866 (2011) [n1][14]
 Israel3,000 (2003) [n1][15]
 Norway2,424 (2014) [n1][16]
 Japan2,000[17]
 Finland2,135 (2017) [n1][18]
 Senegal2,000[17]
 Sweden1,754 (2009) [n1][19]
 Denmark1,600 (2015) [n1][20]
 Cuba533 (2011) [n1][21]
 Turkey500 (2012) [n1]
 New Zealand277 (2007) [n1][22]
 Russia200 (2011) [n1][23]
 Brazil442,189 (2013)[n1][24]
 United Arab Emirates300
 Togo47,000[17]
 Benin16,000[17]
 Liberia8,000[17]
 Mali6,000[17]
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
^[n1] Ghanaian citizens or Ghanaian card nationals.
Gold Coast

The Ghanaian people are a nation originating in the Ghanaian Gold Coast.[29] Ghanaians predominantly inhabit the Republic of Ghana and are the predominant cultural group and residents of Ghana, numbering 34 million people as of 2024, making up 85% of the population.[27][30] The word "Ghana" means "warrior king".[31] An estimated diaspora population of 4 million people worldwide are of Ghanaian descent.[32] The term ethnic Ghanaian may also be used in some contexts to refer to a group of related ethnic groups native to the Gold Coast.[33]

History

[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of Ghana
Black Star of Africa
Timeline
By topic
map Africa portal
See also: Akans, Gold Coast, and Early history of Ghana

The ethnogenesis of Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold Coast, and the Ghanaian ethnogenesis taking place on the Ghanaian Gold Coast region from the 10th to 16th century AD.[34] Early Ghanaians were involved in a lucrative trade with gold bars and other natural minerals to the Portuguese in 1471; these Ghanaian states were among the wealthiest on the African continent from the 17th century onwards, following successful further expansion of lucrative Ghanaian gold bars trading to the Dutch, Prussian and Scandinavians from the 16th century through to the 20th century.[35]

Early Ghanaians established a number of powerful kingdoms and empires from the 10th to 17th century, some of which became great powers in the west African region.[35] By 1902, the kingdoms had been annexed by the United Kingdom to the Gold Coast colony following a series of Anglo-Ghanaian conflicts in the 19th century.[35] Ghanaians gained their independence from British colonial rule in 1957, and renamed their sovereign state "Ghana (Warrior King)" because the various Ghanaian kingdoms were a warrior-based society according to contemporary and historical historiography.[36] The Republic of Ghana was the first African country to gain independence from European colonial rule.[37][38]

Demographics and genetics

[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Ghana

More than 90% of the Ghanaian citizens in Ghana live in urban areas—a figure higher than the world average. The rate of Ghana's population growth is at the world average.[25] Most Ghanaians move to urban areas seeking well-paid jobs. Ghanaians have high level of education in science, technology, mathematics and vocational studies. However, the rural areas have large productivity in agricultural produce.

According to a 2005 Y-DNA study, indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana carry 61% E1b1a.[39][nb 1] Indigenous Ghanaians also belong to paternal lineages at 2.2% E1a.[39] Indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana are 1.1% E1b1b clade bearers, a haplogroup that is most common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. West Eurasian haplogroup R1b is present in 1.1% of the population.[39]

National identity and citizenshipghana

[edit]

The inhabitants of Ghana possessing Ghanaian passports are 20 million persons, including an additional 3‒4 million persons abroad. Ghana has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples who have populated the region from ancient times to the present, with the historic amalgam of the main groups forming the basis of Ghana's current demographics. Native West Africans make up 98% of the population.[40][41][42] There is also a new population of Asians, Middle Easterners, Europeans and other recent immigrants.[citation needed]

To obtain Ghanaian nationality, one must be naturalized after seven years of Ghana Card permanent residency.[citation needed] The Asians, Middle Easterners and Europeans who have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired Ghanaian citizenship, which is granted without any discrimination.[citation needed] Two thirds, or 67%, of Ghanaians speak English.[25][43] There are more than 100 ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language.[44] However, languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually intelligible. There are nine language family groups and 11 languages from these groups are officially sponsored by the government: Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Ewe, Fante, Ga, Dangme, Dagbani, Nzema,ahanta language(ahantas) Dagaare, Gonja and Kasena.[45]

During the colonial era, a number of Europeans intermarried with Africans and had offspring, who include such notable Gold Coasters as Carel Hendrik Bartels and James Bannerman. Most European settlers left the Gold Coast after it won independence. Currently, the most significant immigrant populations in Ghana are Africans from other countries on the continent, Asians (Indians and Chinese), some of them Europeans (Britons, Portuguese, Dutch, French, Italians, Latin Americans, Poles, Scandinavians, and Germans), and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese and Syrians.

Nationalism, independence and transformation to republic

[edit]
See also: Ghanaian Nationalism in Gold Coast, Ghanaian Aborigines' Rights Protection Society, and Ghana
Universal Newsreel about the independence of Ghana in 1957.

The Ghanaian nationalism was suspended by the Ghanaian government during the time of World War II, but was resumed in 1945.[46] The Ghanaians allied with the Allies in World War II.[46] The Fifth Pan-African Congress held in October 1945, served to form the support for the liberalization of Ghanaian colonial domination on 4 August 1947.[46][47] On 12 June 1949, Kwame Nkrumah, formed the first governing party in the history of the Gold Coast, which refused to cooperate with the colonial authorities and which led to the achievement of Ghanaian independence and the opposition to the 1951 Constitution, in which Nkrumah was incarcerated together with his collaborators.[47]

On 8 February 1951, the first elections in the history of the Gold Coast were held; Nkrumah's win was confirmed on 12 February 1951.[47] Ghanaian nationalism was initiated in organisation with the Ghanaian nationlist movement, the Big Six and through the Gold Coast Aborigines' Rights Protection Society; then strikes and mass riots were formed on the streets of the Gold Coast by its natives for Gold Coast independence, the colonial governor at the time, the Earl of Listowel, proclaimed Gold Coast's independence on 6 March 1957.[48] Nkrumah became the first prime minister.[49] On 1 July 1960, Nkrumah drew up the first Constitution of Ghana; the British monarch ceased to be head of state, and Ghana became a republic.[49]

Population

[edit]
See also: Settlements in Ghana (by population)

Approximately 5 % of Ghanaian citizens live in rural areas and 95 % in urban areas. The rate of urbanization estimated for the period 2010–2015 is 4 % per annum,[50] one of the highest among developing countries.

Region (2010)[25] Region population Area (km2)[25] City (2010)[51] City population Administrative divisions of Ghana
Ashanti Region 4,780,380 24,389 Kumasi 1,989,062
Administrative Divisions of Ghana.
Administrative Divisions of Ghana.
Brong-Ahafo Region 2,310,983 39,557
Sunyani 87,642
Central Region 2,201,863 9,826
Cape Coast 217,032
Eastern Region 2,633,154 19,323
Koforidua 127,334
Greater Accra Region 4,010,054 3,245 Accra 2,291,352
Northern Region 2,479,461 70,384
Tamale 537,986
Upper East Region 1,046,545 8,842
Bolgatanga 66,68
Upper West Region 702,110 18,476 Wa 102,446
Volta Region 2,118,252 20,570
Ho 96,213
Western Region 2,376,021 23,921
Sekondi-Takoradi 445,205
Total Ghana Ghana 24,658,823 238,533
Accra

Subgroups

[edit]

Ghanaian Arabs

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian Arabs

Ghanaian Arabs are Ghanaians and citizens of Arab origin or descent. Ghanaian Arabs are mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Arab Maghreb. Ghana has the largest Arab population in western Africa.

Ghanaian Indians

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian Indian

Ghanaian Indians are Ghanaians and citizens of Indian origin or descent. Many Ghanaian Indians are descendants of those who migrated from India following India's partition in 1947.[52]

White Ghanaians

[edit]

White Ghanaians are Ghanaian citizens mostly of British origin or descent. Some White Ghanaians are born of Dutch, French, German, Italian, Latin American (including Central American, Caribbean, and South American), Polish, Portuguese, or Scandinavian (including Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) origin or descent. They make up 3% of the population.

Diaspora

[edit]

There are 3–4 million Ghanaians in the diaspora.[32]

Ghanaian Australians

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian Australian

Ghanaian Australians are dual citizens with Australia and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent. More than 50% of all Ghanaian-born Australians live in Sydney, New South Wales.[53]

Ghanaian Americans

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian Americans

Ghanaian Americans are dual citizens with America and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian Canadians

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian Canadians

Ghanaian Canadians are dual citizens with Canada and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian British

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian British

Ghanaian British are dual citizens with Britain and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian New Zealanders

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian New Zealanders

Ghanaian New Zealanders are dual citizens with New Zealand and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian Nigerians

[edit]

An estimated 45,000 people of Ghanaian descent reside in Nigeria.

Ghanaian South Africans

[edit]
Main article: Ghanaian South Africans

Ghanaian South Africans are dual citizens with South Africa and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian Surinamese and Guyanese

[edit]
Main articles: Ndyuka people, Afro-Surinamese, and Afro-Guyanese

Ndyuka (also spelled "Djuka") or Aukan or Okanisi sama, are a Ghanaian Akan subgroup who live in Eastern Suriname and west of French Guiana and speak the Ndyuka language, a sub-language of the Akan language. They were shipped as imported labourers slaves from the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) to Suriname about 300 years ago to work on Dutch-owned plantations. Ndyukas or Aukans are subdivided into the Opu, who live upstream of the Tapanahony River of southeastern Suriname, and the Bilo, who live downstream of that river. They further subdivide themselves into 14 matrilinear kinship groups called lo.

Culture

[edit]
Part of a series on the
Culture of Ghana
History
People
Languages
Traditions
Mythology
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Writers
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols
See also: Social conduct in Ghana, Culture of Ghana, Ghanaian name, Ghana's material cultural heritage, and Ghanaian museums

Ghana's cultural diversity is most evident in cuisine, arts, literature, heritage, music, dance, clothing, and sports.[54][55]

Kente is a Ghanaian ceremonial cloth traditionally used as the national costume. Kente is hand-woven on a horizontal treadle loom in strips measuring about 4 inches wide, which are sewn together into larger pieces of cloth. Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs, which have different meanings, and are worn on important social occasions.[54] During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art of adinkra printing.

Notable Ghanaian authors include novelists Ayi Kwei Armah (The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born), Ama Ata Aidoo (Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint) and J. E. Casely Hayford, author of Osiris Rising. In addition to novels, other literary genres such as theatre and poetry have been well developed at a national level.

Ghanaian music incorporates several distinct types of instruments, including talking drums, the atenteben and koloko lute, the atumpan, and log xylophones used in asonko music. The most well-known genre to come from Ghana is highlife.[56] Highlife originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 1990s, a new genre of music, hiplife, was created through the combination of highlife, Afro-reggae, dancehall and hip hop.[57] Hiplife is the most popular Ghanaian music,[58] followed by the other genre of Ghanaian music, highlife.[59] Ghanaian dance is globally well known and performed worldwide.[57] The dances are varied and may involve complex and co-ordinated movement of the arms, torso, hips, feet and head, performed to different Ghanaian music forms for entertainment, celebrating at festivals, and other occasions. Some popular dances include Adowa and Azonto.[60] Other traditional dances from Ghana are Kpanlogo, Klama and Bamaya.[60]

Sports in Ghana is dominated by association football represented by the Ghana Premier League and the Ghana national football team.[61] The rich culture in Ghana led to the annual festival held at the capital region, Greater Accra at the James Town township which is celebrated along with the Homowo festival. This new festival called Chale Wote[62] has caught the eyes of many who seek to experience the true Ghanaian culture and festival for themselves.

Women

[edit]
Further information: Women's Manifesto for Ghana, Women in Ghana, and Education in Ghana
Ghanaian girl in traditional kente clothing and national costume.

In Ghanaian society polygyny – marriages in which men are permitted to have more than one wife at the same time[63] – has been traditionally practised, especially among well-to-do Ghanaian men.[63] Among matrilineal groups, such as the Akan, married women continued to reside at their maternal homes.[63] Meals prepared by the wife would be carried to the husband at his maternal house.[63] In polygynous situations, visitation schedules would be arranged.[63] The separate living patterns reinforced the idea that each spouse is subject to the authority of a different household head, and because spouses are always members of different lineages, each is ultimately subject to the authority of the senior men of his or her lineage.[63] The wife, as an outsider in the husband's family, would not inherit any of his property, other than that granted to her by her husband as gifts in token appreciation of years of devotion.[63] The children from this matrilineal marriage would be expected to inherit from their mother's family.[63] Today, the percentage of women in polygynous marriages in Ghana's rural areas (23.9%) is almost double that of women in Ghana's urban areas (12.4%).[64] The age group with the most women in polygynous marriages is 45–49, followed by the 15–19 age group and the 40–44 group.[64] Rates of polygynous marriages decrease as education level and wealth level increase.[64]

During 2008–2012, the national literacy rate for women aged 15–24 was 83.2%, only slightly lower than that for males of the same age group (88.3%).[65] However, literacy rates fluctuate across Ghana country and socioeconomic statuses.[64][65] By regions of Ghana, literacy rates for females range from 44% to 81%.[64] Women living at the highest socioeconomic status exhibit the highest literacy rates at 85%, while only 31% of women living at the lowest socioeconomic status are literate.[64] Over the timespan of 2008–12, there were 4% more females enrolled in preschool than males.[65] Net enrolment and attendance ratios for primary school were both about the same for males and females, net enrollment standing at about 84% and net attendance at about 73 %.[65] Enrolment in secondary school for females was slightly lower than for males (44.4% vs. 48.1%), but female attendance was higher by about the same difference (39.7% vs. 43.6%).[65]

As of 2011, women made up 66.9% of economically active population in Ghana.[66] Within the informal sector, women usually work in personal services.[66] There are distinct differences in artisan apprenticeships offered to women and men, as well.[66] Men are offered a much wider range of apprenticeships, such as carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, mechanics, painters, repairers of electrical and electronic appliances, upholsters, metal workers, car sprayers, etc.[66] In contrast, most female artisans are involved in either hairdressing or dressmaking.[66] Women generally experience a disparity in earnings, receiving a daily average of 6,280 cedis compared to 8,560 cedis received by men, according to the Ghana Living Standards Survey.[66] Women are flourishing in teaching professions.[63]

Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) Military Female Sergeant at a GAF military exercise, 2013 in Ghana.

Early 1990s' data showed that about 19 % of the instructional staff at the nation's three universities in 1990 was female.[63] Of the teaching staff in specialized and diploma-granting institutions, 20% was female; elsewhere, corresponding figures were 21% at secondary-school level; 23% at middle-school level, and as high as 42% at primary-school level.[63] Women also dominated the secretarial and nursing professions in Ghana.[63] When women were employed in the same line of work as men, they were paid equal wages, and they were granted maternity leave with pay.[63] However, women in research professions report experiencing more difficulties than men in the same field, which can be linked to restricted professional networks for women because of lingering traditional familial roles.[67]

Feminist organizing has increased in Ghana as women seek to obtain a stronger role in the nation's democratic government.[68] In 2004, a coalition of women created the Women's Manifesto for Ghana, a document that demands economic and political equality as well as reproductive health care and other rights.[68] The National Council for Women and Development (NCWD) is fervent in its stance that the social and economic well-being of women, who compose slightly more than half of the nation's population, cannot be taken for granted.[63] The Council sponsored a number of studies on women's work, education, and training, and on family issues that are relevant in the design and execution of policies for the improvement of the condition of women.[63] Among these considerations the NCWD stressed family planning, child care, and female education as paramount.[63][69]

In 2007, the government of Ghana took legal proceedings to prosecute men who abuse their women.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]

Republic of Ghana (1957–present)

[edit]
President of the Republic of Ghana and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces: Nkrumah, Rawlings, Kufuor, Mills and Mahama.

In 1966, Nkrumah was deposed, after which Ghana entered a period of military rule. On 31 December 1981, the regime led by Flight lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings installed the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), of which he became chairman. In 1992, Rawlings retired from the military and set up the National Democratic Congress (NDC), and was subsequently elected for two terms as president.

In 2002, John Agyekum Kufuor succeeded Rawlings as Ghanaian head of state until the year 2008. Kufuor was replaced as Ghanaian head of state by John Atta Mills until 2012.[78] In 2013, John Dramani Mahama succeeded Mills as the Republic of Ghana President and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces.[78]

On 7 January 2017, Nana Akufo-Addo took office as President.[79]

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Consul-General of Ghana in Lagos, Mr. Maxwell Awiaya, on Wednesday, disclosed that there are about 500,000 Ghanaians currently living in different Nigerian cities and communities.[1]
  2. ^ See: Ghanaian American – The United States's United States Census Bureau reported in 2010 that 91,322 Americans were citizens or nationals of Ghana. United States Census Bureau (2011). "People Reporting Ancestry, 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau". United States Census. census.gov. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2014., "Place of Birth For The Foreign-Born Population In The United States, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 28 September 2014.[dead link]
  3. ^ See: Ghanaians in the United Kingdom – The United Kingdoms's Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported in 2009 that 93,000 Britons were citizens or nationals of Ghana. Office for National Statistics (September 2009), "Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3)", 2009 United Kingdom Census, census.gov, archived from the original on 9 February 2013, retrieved 21 June 2012
  4. ^ See: Ghanaian people in Italy – The Italy's National Institute of Statistics (Italy) reported in 2010 that 46,980 Italians were citizens or nationals of Ghana. National Institute of Statistics (Italy) (2010), "National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT)", 2010 Italy Census, istat.it, retrieved 21 June 2012
  5. ^ a b c Bump, Micah (2006). "Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad". Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University. migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  6. ^ "Comuni Italiani". Comuni (in Italian). 11 January 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  7. ^ Statistics Netherlands reported in 2003 that 40,000 Dutch people were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See: Statistics Netherlands (2003). "Bevolking, publicaties en artikelen". Netherlands 2003 Census. cbs.nl. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  8. ^ Statistics Canada reported in 2006 that 23,225 Canadians were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See: Statistics Canada (2006). "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". Canada 2006 Census. statcan.ca. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  9. ^ "Ausländische Bevölkerung Ergebnisse des Ausländerzentralregisters" (pdf) (in German). Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). 12 April 2021. p. 27: 3 Ausländische Bevölkerung 2013 bis 2020 nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geschlech – Ghana. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2022. p27 Ghana 39270 (2020); p29 Ghana 29590 (2015) (under Ausländische Bevölkerung - Fachserie 1 Reihe 2 - 2020)
  10. ^ See: Immigration to Spain. "Datos – Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics)". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) (in Spanish). 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
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  14. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics reported in 2006 that 2,770 Australians were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See:
    Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2007), "Community Information Summary – Ghana-born" (PDF), 2006 Australian Census, immi.gov.au, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2014, retrieved 21 June 2012
  15. ^ Sinai, Ruth (30 September 2003). "For these Ghanaians, Israel became a home they don't want to leave". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  16. ^ Statistics Norway (SSB) (1 January 2010), "Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background", 2010 Norwegian Census, ssb.no, retrieved 26 June 2012
  17. ^ a b c d e f "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination".
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  20. ^ "StatBank Denmark". statbank.dk.
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  24. ^ Hirsch, Afua (31 January 2013). "Ghana opens its arms to diaspora in Brazil and beyond". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
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  28. ^ "Digital 2024: Ghana". 23 February 2024.
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  30. ^ "A Journey Through Islam: Muslims have come up well in Ghana". arabnews.com. Arab News. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  31. ^ "Ghana | Etymology, origin and meaning of the name ghana". Etymonline.
  32. ^ a b "Jamaica National launches new Ghana money transfer brand". The Jamaica Observer. 16 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  33. ^ "The people of Ghana", niica.on.ca, archived from the original on 29 October 2013, retrieved 27 April 2013
  34. ^ Cohen, Robin (1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-052-1-4440-57. Akan migration. Wickens, Gerald E; Lowe, Pat (2008). The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia. Springer Science+Business Media. 2008. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-4020-6431-9.
  35. ^ a b c Chronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to AD 1973, Part 1973.
  36. ^ "Etymology of Ghana". Douglas Harper. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  37. ^ Video: A New Nation. Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957). Universal Newsreel. 1957. Retrieved 27 April 2013., "First For Sub-Saharan Africa". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2013., "Exploring Africa". exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  38. ^ "Ghana - Independence, Gold Coast, Kwame Nkrumah | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 18 October 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  39. ^ a b c Wood, Elizabeth T., et al., 2005. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine; also Appendix A
  40. ^ "Ghana Embassy – Population". Ghana Embassy. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  41. ^ "Ghana Demographics Profile 2013". Indexmundi. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  42. ^ "General Information – Key Figures". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  43. ^ "Welcome". Government of Ghana. 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2014. The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language. It is being widely used in business, law, and government documents, as well being taught throughout schools as a medium of instruction. For the official percentage of English-language speakers in Ghana see List of countries by English-speaking population
  44. ^ Abdulai, Alhaji Ibrahim; John M. Chernoff (1992). "Master Drummers of Dagbon, Volumes 1 and 2". Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  45. ^ "Regions in Ghana", ghanahighcommissionuk.com, archived from the original on 7 November 2011, retrieved 26 June 2012
  46. ^ a b c "Nationalism and Independence". Ghana50. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  47. ^ a b c "Nationalism and Independence Parte 2". Ghana50. Retrieved 27 April 2013.[permanent dead link]
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  49. ^ a b "Post-Independence Ghana". Ghana50. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  50. ^ "Government of Ghana partners with Cities Alliance to host Special Forum on rapid urbanization in Ghana". World Bank. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  51. ^ "World Gazetteer online". World-gazetteer.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  52. ^ Joshi, Rajesh (29 October 2010). "Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple". BBC News.
  53. ^ "Community Information Summary: Ghana-born" (PDF). Department of Immigration & Citizenship.
  54. ^ a b "Man Ray, African art, and the modernist lens", Wendy Grossman, Martha Ann Bari, Letty Bonnell, International Arts & Artists, 2009 – Photography, 183 pp.
  55. ^ A Treasury of African Folklore: the oral literature, traditions, myths, legends, epics, tales, recollections, wisdom, sayings, and humor of Africa, Crown Publishers, 1975, 617 pp.
  56. ^ "Kofi Ghanaba - Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz". AllAfrica. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  57. ^ a b Ampene, Kwasi (2005). Female Song Tradition and the Akan of Ghana. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754631477. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  58. ^ HKW. "Ghana Hiplife" (in German). Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  59. ^ "Ghanaian Highlife Music". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
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Notes

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  1. ^ Ghana Kwa: Indigenous Ghanaians of Kwa-speaking ethnicity in Ghana 68.8% of Ghana's population ― Akan (Ashanti, Fanti), Ga-Adangbe, and Ewe; see also Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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