Jump to content

Army National Guard

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Army National Guard
Seal of the Army National Guard
ActiveAs state-funded militia under various names: 1636–1903
As federal reserve forces called the Army National Guard: 1903–present
Country United States
AllegianceFederal (10 U.S.C. § E)
State and territorial (32 U.S.C.)
Branch United States Army
TypeReserve force
Militia
RoleProvide the Army with combat-ready reserve Army (Title 10) as well as protecting and supporting their respective states (Title 32)
Size336,000 personnel (authorized end strength for Fiscal Year 2020)[1]
Part of National Guard
National Guard Bureau
Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces
Garrison/HQArmy National Guard Readiness Center, Arlington Hall
Arlington County, Virginia
Nickname(s)"Army Guard", "The Guard"
MarchAlways Ready, Always There
Anniversaries13 December 1636 (founding)
EquipmentList of equipment of the United States Army
Websitearmy.mil/nationalguard
nationalguard.com
Commanders
DirectorLTG Jonathan M. Stubbs
Deputy DirectorMG Joseph R. Baldwin
Command Chief Warrant OfficerCW5 Brian Searcy
Command Sergeant MajorVacant

The Army National Guard (ARNG) is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. It is simultaneously part of two different organizations: the Militia of the United States (consisting of the ARNG of each state, most territories, and the District of Columbia), as well as the federal ARNG, as part of the National Guard as a whole (which includes the Air National Guard). It is divided into subordinate units stationed in each state or insular area, responsible to their respective governors or other head-of-government.[2]

The Guard's origins are usually traced to the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1636. That year a regiment of militia drilled for the first time to defend a multi-community area within what is now the United States.[3][a]

Activation

[edit]

The ARNG operates under Title 10 of the United States Code when under federal control, and Title 32 of the United States Code and applicable state laws when under state control. It may be called up for active duty by the state or territorial governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, as well as civil disorder.[2] The District of Columbia Army National Guard is a federal militia, controlled by the President of the United States with authority delegated to the Secretary of Defense, and through him to the Secretary of the Army.[5]

Members or units of the ARNG may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, into United States service.[6][7] If mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the U.S. ARNG, which is a reserve component of the U.S. Army.[8][9][10] Individuals volunteering for active federal service may do so subject to the consent of their governors.[11] Largely on the basis of a 1990 U.S. Supreme Court decision, governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, either for training or national emergency.[12]

The President may also call up members and units of the ARNG, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws.[13] The Army National Guard is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard. The Director of the ARNG is the head of the organization, and reports to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. Because the ARNG is both the militia of the several states and a federal reserve component of the Army, neither the Chief of the National Guard Bureau nor the Director of the ARNG "commands" it. This operational command authority is performed in each state or territory by the State Adjutant General, and in the District of Columbia by the Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard when a unit is in its militia status. While under federal activation, the operational command authority is transferred to the commanders of the unified combatant commands, who command all U.S. forces within their area of responsibility. The Chief of the National Guard Bureau and the Director of the ARNG serve as the channel of communications between the Department of the Army and the ARNG in each state and territory, and administer federal programs, policies, and resources for the National Guard.[14]

The ARNG's portion of the president's proposed federal budget for Fiscal Year 2018 is approximately $16.2 billion to support an end strength of 343,000, including appropriations for personnel pay and allowance, facilities maintenance, construction, equipment maintenance and other activities.[15]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of the United States Army National Guard
Main article: Militia (United States)
ARNG recruits arriving at Fort Jackson for BCT

Units and formations

[edit]

Deployable Army units are organized as Table of organization and equipment (TOE) organizations or modified table of organization and equipment (MTOE) organizations. Non-deployable units, such as a state's joint force headquarters or regional training institutes are administered as Table of distribution and allowance (TDA) units.[16]

Commands

[edit]

Divisions

[edit]

In addition to many deployable units which are non-divisional, the Army National Guard's deployable units include eight infantry divisions.[17] These divisions, their subordinate brigades or brigades with which the divisions have a training oversight relationship, and the states represented by the largest units include:[18]

Army Aviation Magazine wrote on 31 March 2021 that "The ARNG is pressing forward with the Division Alignment for Training (DIV AFT) effort. The DIV AFT intent is to enhance leader development and training readiness through codified relationships across echelons and states to develop combat capable division formations for large scale combat operations. The Director, ARNG. recently convened a DIV AFT Initial Planning Conference to clarify unit alignments for all eight ARNG Division Headquarters and synchronize activities that will facilitate unity of effort between Division Headquarters and aligned for training States."[19]

Multifunctional Support Brigades

[edit]

The Army National Guard fields 37 multifunctional support brigades.

Maneuver Enhancement Brigades

[edit]

Field Artillery Brigades

[edit]

Sustainment Brigades

[edit]

Military Intelligence Brigades

[edit]

Functional Support Brigades and Groups

[edit]

Engineer Brigades

[edit]

Air Defense Artillery Brigades

[edit]

Theater Tactical Signal Brigades

[edit]

Military Police Brigades

[edit]

Theater and Combat Aviation Brigades

[edit]

Other brigades

[edit]

Other Groups

[edit]

Regular Army – Army National Guard Partnership

[edit]

In 2016, the Army and the Army National Guard began a training and readiness initiative that aligned some Army brigades with National Guard division headquarters, and some National Guard brigades with Army division headquarters. Among others, this program included the National Guard's 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team becoming affiliated with the Army's 10th Mountain Division[21] and the National Guard's 1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment affiliating with the Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team.[22] In addition, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division began an affiliation with the National Guard's 36th Infantry Division.[23]

Army units partnering with Army National Guard headquarters include:

By state

[edit]
Main article: State Adjutant General

The Army and Air National Guard in each state are headed by the State Adjutant General. The Adjutant General (TAG) is the de facto commander of a state's military forces, and reports to the state governor.[24]

Legacy units and formations

[edit]
Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 47th Infantry Division, inactivated in 1991
Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 50th Armored Division, inactivated in 1993

Several units have been affected by Army National Guard reorganizations. Some have been renamed or inactivated. Some have had subordinate units reallocated to other commands. A partial list of inactivated major units includes:

Leadership

[edit]
National Guard Bureau organizational chart depicting command and reporting relationships
Army National Guard staff organizational chart
Chief of the National Guard Bureau Gen. Daniel R. Hokanson administers the oath of office to Lt. Gen. Jon A. Jensen as the 22nd director of the Army National Guard on Monday, 10 August 2020 at the Temple Army National Guard Readiness Center in Arlington, Virginia.

Upon the creation of the United States Air Force in 1947, the National Guard Bureau was organized into two divisions; Army National Guard and Air National Guard. Each were headed by a major general who reported to the chief of the National Guard Bureau. The head of the Army National Guard was originally established as the chief of the Army Division at the National Guard Bureau. The position was downgraded to brigadier general in 1962 due to force reduction. It was renamed to Director of the Army National Guard and elevated back to major general in 1970. The position was later elevated to the rank of lieutenant general in 2001. The Army National Guard is also authorized a deputy director which was originally established as a brigadier general office in 1970. It was elevated to the rank of major general in 2006.

The director of the Army National Guard oversees a staff which aids in planning and day-to-day organization and management. In addition to a chief of staff, the Director's staff includes several special staff members, including a chaplain and protocol and awards specialists. It also includes a primary staff, which is organized as directorates, divisions, and branches. The directorates of the Army National Guard staff are arranged along the lines of a typical American military staff: G-1 for personnel; G-2 for intelligence; G-3 for plans, operations and training; G-4 for logistics; G-5 for strategic plans, policy and communications; G-6 for communications; and G-8 for budgets and financial management.

List of chiefs and directors

[edit]
No. Commander Term
Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length
Chiefs of the Army Division at the National Guard Bureau
1
Raymond H. Fleming
Major General
Raymond H. Fleming		194819502 years
2
William H. Abendroth
Major General
William H. Abendroth		195119554 years
3
Donald W. McGowan
Major General
Donald W. McGowan		195519594 years
4
Clayton P. Kerr
Major General
Clayton P. Kerr		195919623 years
5
Francis Greenlief
Brigadier General
Francis Greenlief		196219631 year
6
Charles L. Southward
Brigadier General
Charles L. Southward		196419662 years
7
Leonard C. Ward
Brigadier General
Leonard C. Ward		196819702 years
Directors of the Army National Guard
8
Francis Greenlief
Major General
Francis Greenlief		197019711 year
9
La Vern E. Weber
Major General
La Vern E. Weber		197119743 years
10
Charles A. Ott Jr.
Major General
Charles A. Ott Jr.		197419784 years
11
Emmett H. Walker Jr.
Major General
Emmett H. Walker Jr.		197819824 years
12
Herbert R. Temple Jr.
Major General
Herbert R. Temple Jr.		198219864 years
13
Donald Burdick
Major General
Donald Burdick		198619915 years
14
Raymond F. Rees
Major General
Raymond F. Rees		199119921 year
15
John R. D'Araujo Jr.
Major General
John R. D'Araujo Jr.		199319952 years
16
William A. Navas Jr.
Major General
William A. Navas Jr.		October 1995May 19983 years
17
Roger C. Schultz
Lieutenant General
Roger C. Schultz		1 June 199815 June 20057 years, 14 days[47]
18
Clyde A. Vaughn
Lieutenant General
Clyde A. Vaughn		15 June 20059 May 20093 years, 328 days
−
Raymond W. Carpenter
Major General
Raymond W. Carpenter
Acting		9 May 200928 November 20112 years, 203 days
19
William E. Ingram Jr.
Lieutenant General
William E. Ingram Jr.		28 November 201114 January 20142 years, 47 days
−
Judd H. Lyons
Major General
Judd H. Lyons
Acting		14 January 201427 March 20151 year, 72 days
20
Timothy J. Kadavy
Lieutenant General
Timothy J. Kadavy		27 March 201525 March 20193 years, 363 days
21
Daniel R. Hokanson
Lieutenant General
Daniel R. Hokanson		20 June 20193 August 20201 year, 44 days
22
Jon A. Jensen
Lieutenant General
Jon A. Jensen		10 August 20205 August 20243 years, 361 days
23
Jonathan M. Stubbs
Lieutenant General
Jonathan M. Stubbs		5 August 2024Incumbent117 days

Prominent members

[edit]
Main article: Prominent members of the US Army National Guard

U.S. presidents

[edit]
Main article: List of presidents of the United States by military service

Of the 45[b] individuals to serve as President of the United States as of 2021, 33 had military experience. Of those 33, 21 served in the militia or ARNG.

(Note: President George W. Bush served in the National Guard in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and he was the first Air National Guard member to attain the presidency.)[93]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The 181st Infantry, the 182nd Infantry, the 101st Field Artillery and the 101st Engineer Battalion of the Massachusetts Army National Guard stem from the 1636 unit.[4]
  2. ^ As of 2021. While there have been 46 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Office of Legislative Affairs (13 June 2019). "FY20Senate National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)" (PDF). National Guard.mil. Arlington, VA: National Guard Bureau. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b "Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority". Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  3. ^ "Salem, Mass., declared National Guard's birthplace". Boston Globe. Boston, MA. Associated Press. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  4. ^ Maj. Avery Schneider, New York National Guard (13 December 2022) Deployed Guardsmen celebrate National Guard's 386th birthday
  5. ^ National Archives and Records Administration, Executive Order 11485—Supervision and control of the National Guard of the District of Columbia, 1 October 1969
  6. ^ 10 USC 12211. Officers: Army National Guard of the United States
  7. ^ 10 USC 12107. Army National Guard of United States; Air National Guard of the United States: enlistment in
  8. ^ 32 USC 101. Definitions (NATIONAL GUARD)
  9. ^ 10 USC 12401. Army and Air National Guard of the United States: status
  10. ^ 10 USC 10105. Army National Guard of the United States: composition
  11. ^ North Atlantic Treaty organization, Fact Sheet, National Reserve Forces Status: United States of America, 2006, p. 1
  12. ^ National Guard Bureau, Today in Guard History (June), 11 June 1990, 2013
  13. ^ 10 USC 12406. National Guard in Federal service: call
  14. ^ Cornell University, legal Information Institute, 10 USC § 10503 – Functions of National Guard Bureau: Charter, accessed 20 June 2013
  15. ^ Matthews, William (1 July 2017). "Busting The Caps". National Guard. Arlington, VA.
  16. ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History, History of Table of Distribution and Allowances (TDA) Units, 30 May 1995, updated 20 May 2011.
  17. ^ Richard Goldenberg, U.S. Army, National Guard Division Leaders Gather to Face Challenges for Missions at Home, Overseas, 9 June 2010.
  18. ^ University of North Texas, U.S. Army National Guard Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 17 January 2013
  19. ^ BG David L. Hall. "Army National Guard Aviation-Continuing to Change, Adapt and Modernize" (PDF).
  20. ^ Cotton Puryear (29 September 2017). "91st Cyber Brigade activated as Army National Guard's first cyber brigade". army.mil. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  21. ^ Dwyer, Brian (17 October 2016). "Patching Ceremony Unites 10th Mountain Division and Vermont Army National Guard Unit". TCW News. Watertown, NY.
  22. ^ Tan, Michelle (19 August 2016). "Army units change patches as part of active, Guard and Reserve pilot program". Army Times. Springfield, VA.
  23. ^ Block, Gordon (20 October 2016). "Programs link Fort Drum soldiers with Army Guard, Reserve personnel". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown, NY.
  24. ^ Bowling Green Daily News, Guard's Command Structure Unique in the Armed Forces, 27 June 1999
  25. ^ National Guard Educational Foundation, 26th Infantry Division, 2011
  26. ^ National Guard Educational Foundation, 27th Infantry Division, 2011
  27. ^ National Guard Educational Foundation, 27th Armored Division, 2011
  28. ^ "Ceremonies Today for 30th Armored". The Tennessean. Nashville, TV. 28 October 1973. p. 11. The 30th Armored Division of the Tennessee National Guard will be retired today...
  29. ^ National Guard Educational Foundation, 30th Infantry Division, 2011
  30. ^ Tuscaloosa News, 31st Dixie Division Turning to Armor, 19 January 1968.
  31. ^ Wisconsin Historical Society, Dictionary of Wisconsin History, Red Arrow Division Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 19 June 2013
  32. ^ New York Times, Illinois Commander of Guard Replaced, 4 March 1968
  33. ^ Al Goldberg, Toledo Blade, Taps Sounds for Ohio Guard's Famed 37th, 18 February 1968
  34. ^ National Guard Education Foundation, 39th Infantry Division Archived 29 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 2011
  35. ^ California State Military Museum, Lineages and Honors of the California National Guard: 40th Armored Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company, accessed 19 June 2013
  36. ^ Tri-City Herald, Taps for the 41st, 8 June 1967
  37. ^ Washington Army National Guard, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 81st Brigade Combat Team Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2007
  38. ^ Associated Press, The Telegraph, Yankee Infantry Division is Facing Reorganization, 30 November 1967
  39. ^ Eugene Register-Standard, Army Disbands 44th Division, 18 September 1954
  40. ^ National Guard Education Foundation, 45th Infantry Division, 2011
  41. ^ National Guard Educational Foundation, 46th Infantry Division, 2011
  42. ^ Minnesota Military Museum, The 47th "Viking" Infantry Division, 1991
  43. ^ National Guard Educational Foundation, 48th Armored Division Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2011
  44. ^ Texas Army National Guard, History of the 36th Infantry Division Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 19 June 2013
  45. ^ Texas Military Forces Museum, 36th Infantry Division, The "Texas" Division, accessed 19 June 2013
  46. ^ U.S. House Appropriations Committee, Hearing Record, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1995, Volume 1, 1994, p. 296
  47. ^ Served as director in the rank of major general from 1998 to 2001. The 2001 National Defense Authorization Act, elevated the position to lieutenant general. Schultz was appointed another term as director and was promoted.
  48. ^ Mark Lardas (2011). George Washington. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84908-881-7.
  49. ^ Aaron Bancroft (1855). The Life of George Washington ... Phillips, Sampson. p. 39.
  50. ^ Fawn McKay Brodie (1974). Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-393-31752-7.
  51. ^ Ralph Louis Ketcham (1990). James Madison: A Biography. University of Virginia Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8139-1265-3.
  52. ^ Michael Teitelbaum (2002). James Monroe. Capstone. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7565-0253-9.
  53. ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge; Cathal J. Nolan (2007). U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy: From 1789 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-85109-790-6.
  54. ^ H. W. Brands (2006). Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-307-27854-8.
  55. ^ Samuel Putnam Waldo (1819). Memoirs of Andrew Jackson: Major-general in the Army of the United States; and Commander in Chief of the Division of the South. J. & W. Russell. pp. 41–42.
  56. ^ Spencer Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener; Paul G. Pierpaoli; John C. Fredriksen (2012). The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-85109-956-6.
  57. ^ James Hall (1836). A Memoir of the Public Services of William Henry Harrison, of Ohio. Key & Biddle. p. 310.
  58. ^ Stuart L. Butler (2012). Defending the Old Dominion: Virginia and Its Militia in the War of 1812. University Press of America. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-7618-6040-2.
  59. ^ Louise A. Mayo (2006). President James K. Polk: The Dark Horse President. Nova Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59454-718-8.
  60. ^ Soldiers. Department of the Army. 1980. p. 4.
  61. ^ Barbara Bennett Peterson (2002). Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of Tennessee and Washington. Nova Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-59033-145-3.
  62. ^ John Seigenthaler (2004). James K. Polk: The American Presidents Series: The 11th President, 1845-1849. Henry Holt and Company. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8050-6942-6.
  63. ^ Roger Sherman Skinner, ed. (1830). The New-York State Register for 1830–1831. New York. p. 361.
  64. ^ Buffalo Historical Society; Buffalo Historical Society (Buffalo, N.Y.) (1907). Publications. The Society. p. xxxii.
  65. ^ John Farmer; G. Parker Lyon, eds. (1832). The New-Hampshire Annual Register, and United States Calendar. p. 53.
  66. ^ Ralph E. Eshelman (2011). A Travel Guide to the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake: Eighteen Tours in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. JHU Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8018-9837-2.
  67. ^ Philip Shriver Klein (1962). President James Buchanan, a biography. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 18.
  68. ^ Illinois Adjutant General's Office (1882). Record of the Services of Illinois Soldiers in the Black Hawk War, 1831–32, and in the Mexican War, 1846-8. H. W. Rokker, state printer. pp. 100, 176, 183.
  69. ^ Hans L. Trefousse (1997). Andrew Johnson: A Biography. W. W. Norton, Incorporated. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-393-31742-8.
  70. ^ James Knox Polk (1989). Wayne Cutler; Herbert Weaver (eds.). Correspondence of James K. Polk. Vol. 7. Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-8265-1225-3.
  71. ^ Kate Havelin (2004). Andrew Johnson. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8225-1000-0.
  72. ^ Gary L. Donhardt (2007). In the Shadow of the Great Rebellion: The Life of Andrew Johnson, Seventeenth President of the United States (1808-1875). Nova Publishers. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-60021-086-0.
  73. ^ Clifton R. Hall (1916). Andrew Johnson: Military Governor of Tennessee. p. 19.
  74. ^ James S. Brisbin (1868). The campaign lives of Ulysses S Grant and Schuyler Colfax. Gale Cengage Learning. pp. 58–59.
  75. ^ Ulysses Simpson Grant (1969). The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: April to September, 1861. SIU Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8093-0366-3.
  76. ^ William Farina (2007). Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness. McFarland. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7864-8051-7.
  77. ^ William Dean Howells; Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1876). Sketch of the life and character of Rutherford B. Hayes. Also a biographical sketch of William A. Wheeler. Hurd and Houghton. p. 29.
  78. ^ Hardesty's Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia, Military and Personal Sketches of Ohio's Rank and File from Sandusky County in the War of the Rebellion, 1885, republished on the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center web site
  79. ^ John Clark Ridpath (1881). The Life and Work of James A. Garfield ...: Embracing an Account of the Scenes and Incidents of His Boyhood. Jones brothers. pp. 91–92.
  80. ^ James T. Wall (2008). Wall Street and the Fruited Plain: Money, Expansion, and Politics in the Gilded Age. University Press of America. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7618-4124-1.
  81. ^ Emma Rogers (1921). Chester A. Arthur: Man and President. University of Wisconsin—Madison. pp. 7–9.
  82. ^ Lew Wallace; Murat Halstead (1892). Life and Public Services of Hon. Benjamin Harrison, President of the U.S.: With a Concise Biographical Sketch of Hon. Whitelaw Reid. Edgewood Publishing Company. pp. 178–181.
  83. ^ Newburgh Daily Journal, "Death of General Harrison", 14 March 1901
  84. ^ Muncie Free Press, Daniels adds President Benjamin Harrison to Hoosier Heritage Portrait Collection Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 20 March 2009
  85. ^ Eric Foner (2002). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. HarperCollins. p. 584. ISBN 978-0-06-093716-4.
  86. ^ John W. Tyler (1901). The Life of William McKinley. P. W. Ziegler & Company. p. 37.
  87. ^ Kevin Phillips (2003). William McKinley: The American Presidents Series: The 25th President, 1897–1901. Henry Holt and Company. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8050-6953-2.
  88. ^ William Montgomery Clemens (1914). The Ancestry of Theodore Roosevelt. W.M. Clemens. p. 11.
  89. ^ Bill Bleyer, Long Island Newsday, "Roosevelt's Medal of Honor Coming to LI", 21 February 2001
  90. ^ Gabriele Arnold (2006). Harry S. Truman – his foreign policy. GRIN Verlag. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-638-51025-7.
  91. ^ Michael J. Devine (2009). Harry S. Truman, the State of Israel, and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East. Truman State Univ Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-935503-80-4.
  92. ^ Truman, Harry S. (1983). Ferrell, Robert H. (ed.). Dear Bess: The Letters From Harry to Bess Truman, 1910-1959. Norton. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8262-1203-0. OCLC 9440945.
  93. ^ Clarke Rountree (2011). George W. Bush: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. pp. xviii–xix. ISBN 978-0-313-38500-1.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Army National Guard.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_National_Guard&oldid=1256154094"